Introduction
Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) is a key factor for employment of a large group of oocytes, in order to increase the chance of pregnancy. The serum estradiol (E2) level increases in the ovarian stimulation program (1). It also plays an important role in the oocytes and follicular maturation, and preparation of the uterus for the implantation (2). The physiological impact of an elevated E2 on the quality of the cycle remains debatable (3-5). The high level of E2 on the day of hCG administration might cause better IVF-ICSI outcomes, or an unfavorable outcome which is caused by disrupted endometrial receptivity (6-8).
Some studies showed that elevated E2 levels on the hCG day correlate with lower pregnancy and implantation rates in IVF cycles (9, 10). However, others claim no such effects (11, 12). On the other hand, usually serum E2 levels on the day of hCG administration is a predictor of the approximate number of cumulus oocyte complex (COC); but, the optimal E2/oocyte ratio has not been well defined (13). Loumaye et al. (14) declared that E2/oocyte ratio is the strong parameter for predicting success in IVF programs. It was shown that the highest rate of pregnancy was obtained at an E2/oocyte ratio of 70-140 pg/ml/oocyte. Other studies reported different results of pregnancy and implantation in the presence of different E2/oocyte ratios. In addition, the low rate of pregnancy was obtained in the presence of elevated E2/oocyte ratios (15). However, Orvieto et al. (16) did not observe a difference in the pregnancy rates at different E2/oocyte ratios in GnRH-agonist protocols. Due to these inconclusive results regarding the effects of E2 levels on the day of hCG administration, and undetermined E2/oocyte ratio on ART outcomes, this study was designed to investigate the relationship between different levels of E2 and different E2/oocyte ratios with the embryo quality and the clinical outcomes in ART cycles using GnRH antagonist.
Methods
Patients: The permission to perform this study was given by the ethics committee of Institute for Reproductive Sciences, Yazd, Iran. In this retrospective study, the clinical records of 205 women who referred to our institute were reviewed. Patients with a normal ovarian reserve who received GnRH antagonist protocol were included in this study. The patients with poor ovarian reserve, or apparent endometrial pathology, advanced maternal age, severe male factor infertility, and other stimulation protocols were excluded. Patients were divided into three groups according to the E2 levels on the day of hCG administration: Group A: ≤1500 pg/ml; Group B: 1500-3000 pg/ml; Group C: >3000 pg/ml. They were also divided into groups according to their peak of E2/oocyte ratio: Group A: ≤150 pg/ml per oocyte; Group B: 150-200 pg/ml per oocyte; and Group C: >200 pg/ml per oocyte. The clinical data were collected including maternal age, etiology of infertility, type of assisted reproductive treatment (IVF or ICSI), level of estradiol, and the number of COCs retrieved. The outcomes assessed were the number of mature oocytes, maturation rates, fertilization and embryo formation rates, quality of embryos, pregnancy and live birth rates. This study did not include any frozen embryo transfer (ET) cycles. Also, 49 out of 205 cycles were excluded because of the risk of OHSS. However, it should be noted that their data were included until embryo formation, and then excluded because of the risk of OHSS.
Stimulation protocol: The patients were stimulated with the standard GnRH antagonist protocols (17). In the antagonist protocol, 150 IU/day of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH Gonal F, Serono, Switzerland) was administered on day two of the menstrual cycle. When at least one follicle reached 13 mm, 0.25 mg of a GnRH antagonist (Cetrotide, Merck-Serono, Germany) was initiated and continued until the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection. When proper follicular development was viewed on the transvaginal ultrasound, recombinant hCG (Ovitrelle, Merck-Serono, Germany) was administered to trigger final maturation and ovulation. Ultrasound-guided oocyte collection was performed using a single lumen aspiration needle (Wallace; Smiths Medical International, UK) after 36 hr. ET was performed 2-3 days after oocyte retrieval via the vaginal route.
Fertilization and embryo assessments: The fertilization was assessed 16-18 hr after ICSI/IVF, and the embryo cleavage evaluation was done 24 hr later. Embryo morphology was evaluated on the basis of the number of blastomere, and the percentage of fragmentation on days 2 and 3 (18). ET was done on days 2 or 3, and the embryos of the patients with risk of OHSS were frozen.
Statistical analysis: The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association between the ART outcome, and the dependent variables. The appropriate differences were considered significant at p<0.05. <>
Results
A total of 250 ART cycles were evaluated. The mean female age was 29.92±3.9 years, and the indications of ART consisted of male factor (n=96), polycystic ovary syndrome (n=41), ovarian factors (n=23), endometriosis (n=18), tubal factors (n=16), and idiopathic disease (n=11).
There were significant differences between the groups based on the E2 levels with respect to the number of COCs and MII oocytes. Also, the number of good quality embryo was more significant in group C compared to group A and B (Table 1). In group C, the rates of chemical pregnancy (54.1%), clinical pregnancy (50%) and live birth (45.8%) were significantly higher compared to the other groups (Table 1).
The data also showed the numbers of retrieved COCs, MII oocytes, and fertilized oocytes were significantly higher in group C with >200 pg/ml E2 per oocyte than group A and B (Table 2). The rate of the good quality embryo was not significant between groups. Moreover, according to E2/oocyte ratio, the rate of live birth was higher in group C compared with group A (18.3%, p=0.04), and group C (29.7%, p<0.0001 ) (table 3).
For further evaluation about the effects of the variables on ART outcomes, logistic regression was done. The effects of female age, level of E2 on day of HCG, number of COCs retrieved, number of MII oocytes, number of embryos at the 2PN stage and good quality embryos rate with clinical pregnancy were all surveyed (R2=0.147, p=0.07). Only the number of good quality embryo was marginally a positive predictor (p=0.051, odds ratio=1.7,95% CI:0.99-3.05, B=0.5). About the effect of above parameters and live birth, logistic regression (R2=0.19, p=0.007) showed number of good quality embryos was a positive predictor for the live birth rate (odds ratio=2.03, 95% CI:1-4.1), but level of E2 on day of HCG was a negative predictor (odds ratio=0.99, 95% CI:0.99-1).
Discussion
Successful implantation depends on the synchronized development of both embryos and endometrial receptivity (19). So, E2 is the key factor that may affect these parameters and a few publications about this factor are available (5, 13, 16, 20-22). The supraphysiological levels of E2 unavoidably occurs during COH followed by the development of multiple ovarian follicles (1). The effect of E2 levels on the outcomes of IVF-ICSI has remained controversial (19). In this study, the effect of both total serum E2, and E2/oocyte ratio on IVF-ICSI outcomes was assessed.
Our results showed that with elevation of serum E2, an increase in the number of MII oocytes was noticed. In addition, the number of good quality embryo increased significantly. It is logical to have an increase in COC count by elevation of estradiol level. Therefore, with increasing the number of oocyte, probably the number of good quality embryo will increase. However, the rates of embryo formation and good quality embryo were not different between groups. So, the high peak in E2 level was not associated with a lower ratio of high quality embryo formation. These data suggest that the developmental quality of oocytes is not impaired by elevated E2. Furthermore, in contrast to the previous findings (3, 9, 23), best quality embryos, the clinical pregnancy and live birth in the group with the highest peak of E2 (Group C) were obtained.
Similar to our findings, Kara et al. (21) showed that higher pregnancy and implantation rates may be achieved when the serum E2 levels increase. In addition, they did not observe the negative effect of supraphysiological serum E2 level on IVF-ICSI outcome. In our study, chemical and clinical pregnancies, as well as live birth rates, were increased with elevated level of E2. But logistic regression model demonstrated E2 is a negative predictor for final outcome, while, the number of good quality embryo was a positive predictor. Maybe, increasing E2 causes an increase in the number of good quality embryos, but has detrimental effect on endometria, and adversely affects the implantation (24, 25). It is suggested to perform embryo freezing to avoid the detrimental effect of elevated E2 on the endometrium and implantation. Mittal et al. (22) showed that with an increase in serum E2, a higher number of oocytes were retrieved and more mature oocytes were seen with an increase in number of cryopreserved embryos, but no differences in overall pregnancy rates were reported. However, some studies showed higher serum E2 on the day of hCG resulted in improved pregnancy rates in IVF cycles (5, 26). On the contrary, in some studies (3, 9), increased total serum E2 was correlated with poor pregnancy rate.
While the success of IVF-ICSI outcomes is associated with E2 level, some studies suggested that E2/oocyte ratio is more important to the success of COH cycles (8, 14). Our data clearly showed an association between E2/oocyte ratio and live birth rate. It is concluded that the live birth rate was the highest when E2/oocyte ratio was >200 pg/ml per oocyte. As yet, there is no accepted optimal amount for E2/oocyte ratio. Loumaye et al.’s research is one of the first studies about the optimal E2/oocyte ratio (14). They suggested that the optimal ratio of 70-140 pg/ml per oocyte has the highest pregnancy rates, and declared that this ratio was predictable for IVF outcome in women treated with GnRH agonist protocol. In our study, the clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were significantly higher in group C (E2/oocyte ratio of >200 pg/ml per oocyte). Similar to our study, Var et al. (13) showed an increase in the rates of maturation, fertilization, embryo formation and good quality embryos, when the E2/oocyte ratio increased. In the same study, although good quality embryos and implantation rates insignificantly increased with increase in E2/oocyte ratio, the highest pregnancy rate was recorded in 100-200 pg/ml per oocyte group. Overall, they concluded that fertilization rate was significantly the highest in the >200 pg/ml per oocyte ratio group, and the lowest in the <100 pg/ml per oocyte ratio group. Also, the clinical pregnancy rate was significantly lower in the <100 pg/ml per oocyte ratio group than others. Vaughan et al. (27) also evaluated the effect of the serum E2 per oocyte ratio on reproductive outcomes. They reported that clinical pregnancy rate was the highest in the patients with E2/oocyte ratio of 250–750 pmol/l, and declined as this ratio increased, independent of the patients’ age. Also, Vaughan et al. reported clinical pregnancy rate was the highest in the patients with E2/oocyte ratio of 250-750 pg/ml per oocyte (27).
Conclusion
In conclusion, supraphysiological levels of E2 resulting from ovarian stimulation procedure had no adverse effects on the quality of the embryos during IVF cycles, even caused an increase in the number of good quality embryo that is a positive predictor for live birth. Also, E2/oocyte ratio data can be a useful adjunct in predicting success rates of IVF cycles.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the colleagues who helped with the experiments and data collection. This study was supported by Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Conflict of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.