https://www.jri.ir/ "Journal of Reproduction & Infertility" is owned, published, and copyrighted by ©2009 Avicenna Research Institute. No parts of this journal may be reproduced in any form or by any means unless properly referenced or sent a notification letter through www.jri.ir en Sex hormones, leptin and anthropometric indices in men <p>In this study, relationship of sex hormones, leptin and anthropometric indices in men were investigated and effect of average wieght loss on these variances in obese individuals was assessed. In 186 adult men with median age 33 years (22-49), body mass index (BMI) 27 kg/m2 (18-43) and wieght of 80.113.8 kg, serum level of total testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterne sulfate (DHEA-S), Estradiol, LH,FSH, Insulin, leptin , BMI and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were measured and effect of weight loss on these variances in a group of 22 obese men with average weight of 88.714 kg were studied. Serum testosterone and SHBG levels were inversely related with BMI (r=-0.18, P&lt;0.05 and r=-0.33, p&lt;0.001, respectively). Serum level of SHBG was also negatively related to WHR (r=-0.35, p&lt;0.001). Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with BMI (r=0.68, p&lt;0.001) and were negatively related to serum level of testosterone (r=-0.57, p&lt;0.009). Serum level of testosterone and SHBG were significantly lower in obese than normal weight subjects (11.93.8 vs 13.94.2 nmol/l, p&lt;0.009 and 17.013.9 vs 28.014.2 nmol/l, p&lt;0.001 respectively). Mean weight loss of 6.1 kg resulted in serum leptin reduction from 11.87.8 to 7.63 ng/ml (p&lt;0.01). In multiple regression analysis serum leptin levels were the only determinant of serum testosterone, while leptin variations were explained both by leptin and testosterone. In Conclusion, elevated serum leptin and low testosterone and SHBG levels were associated with high BMI in men. Low serum testosterone levels were related to high serum leptin, independent of BMI. Inverse relation between serum leptin and testosterone shows the role of leptin in reducing serum testosterone in obese men. In this study serum level of SHBG was negatively correlated with WHR.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/43 The enhancement rate of immunity to rubella in pregnant women in Ahwaz city during 1988-98 <p>Rubella is a viral and acute disease which can be observed in children and adults by symptoms such as lymphoid glands inflammation and dermatitis. Its public health importance is related to teratogenic effects of primary rubella in first trimester of pregnancy. Infection in this period of pregnancy causes various anomalies such as cataract, glaucoma, deafness, coronary-vascular disease, pneumonia, encephalitis, bone damage, blood disorders, interference with the function of endocrine glands and low weight birth. In order to compare the rate of immunity to rubella in pregnant women of Ahwaz city during 1988-98, 550 serum samples were collected and assessed for anti-rubella antibody by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and ELIZA methods. The results showed that the immunity to rubella virus has been increased from 78% to 92% during this decade. Therefore with presence of high immunity of pregnant women to rubella virus, public vaccination against rubella is not recommended in Ahwaz city.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/44 Determination of rubella virus antibodies in pregnant women referring to Kerman Maternity Hospitals in 1999 <p>Rubella is a viral infection. If it occurs during pregnancy, it&rsquo;s responsible for serious fetal problems. Thus identification and vaccination of sensitive women is very important. This study was done for identification of protective rubella antibody titer (15mIU/ml) in 410 women of maternity hospitals in Kerman city. They were selected among who referred to maternity hospitals in Kerman. Randomized blood samples were collected and evaluated for rubella virus antibodies by ELISA method. Data analysis was done by chi-square test, Fisher exact test and student t-test. Protective rubella antibody titer was positive in 94.6% and negative in only 5.4%. Negative antibody titer in working wives (11.5%) was more than housewives (4.3%) (p&lt;0.05). There was no significant difference in presence of antibody in regard with age, job, resident place, history of vaccination against rubella and history of rubella infection in herself or her family. Despite of high percent of immunity against rubella among women, it seems protection against it, is not enough. Therefor national vaccination plan was recommended for young women and adults which are not pregnant, or have no plan for getting pregnant 3 months after vaccination, and those who have low immunity against rubella.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/45 Evaluation of relation between Ureaplasma Urealyticum infection with abortion <p>Since long time ago, abortion has been considered as one of the most important medical problems. Bacteria and infectious agents are one of its causes. Possible etiologic role of ureaplasma urealyticum in abortion has been suggested for years ago, but it has not been approved completely yet. Therefore, this study has been designed for approving of this hypothesis and prevention of spontaneous abortion. This study was a case control type of investigation done over women referred to private Gyn &amp; Obs clinic, which had spontaneous abortion. Control group was selected among referred women who did not have any previous abortion. To investigate the presence of ureaplama urealyticum, vaginal and cervical culture was performed in both groups. Other interfering variable factors were also assessed and if there was any intervention factor in any one of two groups, sample was removed. After recording of results of study in questionnaire, central indexes were analyzed by K2, fisher exact test. 7 persons were eliminated from this study due to intervention factors, so, study was done over 34 patients as case (27 with one abortion and 7 with recurrent abortion) and 47 patients as control group. Mean age in case group was 26.3 4.6 years and in control group was 23.43.6 years. Positive vaginal and cervical culture for ureaplasma urealyticum in case group was 35% (12 persons) and in control group was 6% (3 persons) (P&lt;0.0001). In patients with spontaneous recurrent abortion, positive culture for ureaplasma urealyticum was 71% (5 persons) and in patients with only one spontaneous abortion was 26% (7 persons) (P&lt;0.034). In comparison with similar studies, positive culture of ureaplama urealyticum in patients of case group were a lot more in this study. Prevalence of ureaplama urealyticum in control group was 6% which is less than similar studies. Proportion of positive culture of ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with recurrent abortion was higher than those with only one abortion. Therefore, it is recommended that pregnant women specially those who have high risk pregnancy and also in women with history of abortion, should be examined for contamination with ureaplasma urealyticum. In case of positive results, proper treatment will reduce probable recurrent abortions.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/46 Relationship between number of antral follicle and ovarian volume and responsivness to induction ovulation <p>Unresponsiveness of ovaries to different ovulation induction protocols is a major problem in infertility treatment. Recently antral follicle count and ovarian volume have been suggested to predict ovarian response. Objective of this study is to verify the correlation of ovarian responsiveness with ovarian volume or antral follicle count. In this prospective cohort study, 112 infertile patients with 115 IUI induction ovulation cycles were enrolled. All of the patients had their basal FSH measured and an estimation of ovarian volume and antral follicle number count was performed by transvaginal ultrasonography on day 3 of cycle. They were divided into four groups according to ovulation induction protocols. The observation of one or more follicle16mm during the treatment was interpreted as a positive response. There was a direct linear correlation between average of ovarian volume and antral follicle number, and these two parameters were inversely correlated with age. Considering FSH, there was an inverse correlation with antral follicle count, but no correlation with ovarian volume. Among the different protocols, in HMG group these two parameters correlated directly with ovarian responsiveness. In HMG group, using chi-square for trends, an antral follicle count less than 5 and /or ovarian diameter less than 20mm was associated with cycle cancellation. Therefore, transvaginal ultrasound, measurment of ovarian volume and basal follicle numbers on day 3 of cycle prior to starting gonadotropins adminastration can help to predict the patient&rsquo;s response.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/47 Inhibiting effects of Metformin on Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) in induction of ovulation with gonadotropin in ART cycles on women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) <p>In this research, it is supposed that treatment with Metformin prior to ovulation induction with gonadotropins in ART cycles, would be able to prevent OHSS and its severity among women with PCOS. This study was a randomized clinical trial on 100 women with PCOS who were treated in ART cycles. These women were divided randomly in two groups A and B ( 50 subjects each ). Group A received 500 mg of Metformin daily for about one month before induction ovulation with HMG and continued this treatment for about 45 days . Induction of ovulation protocol (classic long protocol) were similar in both groups. At the end of study the following results were compared in both groups : The serum Estradiol (E2) level on day of HCG administration and HMG doses (daily and total) were significantly lower in group A (P&lt;0.002 and P&lt;0.001 respectively). The number of women with OHSS and its severity and the number of admission in group A were lower than group B (P&lt;0.001 and P&lt;0.02, respectively), but the numbers of oocyte, pregnancy and the duration of treatment with HMG were similar in both groups. These results show that Metformin by reducing resistance to insulin and hyperandrogenism, leads to reduction in E2 level and favors orderly follicular growth in response to exogenous gonadotropin and it reduces the risk and severity of OHSS.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/48 The relationship between total motile sperm count and success of intrauterin insemination <p>Incidence of infertility is approximately 10-15% and intrauterin insemination (IUI) is the suitable method in cases of male infertility. This survey is done on 1017 persons among couples that were being treated with 1258 IUI cycles. The aim of this study was to investigate whether total motile functional sperm count (TMFSC) can be predictive of IUI success or not. In all patients after checking and preparing them for ovulation induction, Semen sample was prepared according to WHO with swim-up procedure and 0.8ml of suspension over sperm pellet was used for insemination. The examination of spermogram and motile functional sperm count was done after sperm processing. There was a trend toward an increasing percentage of conception with increasing total motile functional sperm rate count and the least of TMFSC was 20106 for and with increased TMFSC, success of IUI will increase also. The overall pregnancy rate per cycle was 13.2% and per couple was 16.14% in the infertile couples. This study indicated that the causes of infertility have not any effect on IUI success rate. The duration of infertility has significant difference in pregnant and non pregnant groups.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/49 Evaluation of ectopic pregnancy after assisted reproductive technology in infertility center of Shariati Hospital <p>Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a serious complication of pregnancy. Incidence of EP after normal pregnancy is %1 overall, but after assisted reproductive technology (ART) increases to %5. Many factors including: previous EP, tubal surgery, tubal pathology, previous infection of female genital tract, infertility and ART are identified as risk factors for EP. In this study 47 EP were studied over 4 years in infertility treatment center of Shariati Hospital which control group was chosen from uncomplicated pregnancies after ART. Two groups were matched in age, duration of infertility, mode of treatment. Incidence of secondary infertility and tubal factor were significantly higher in EP group. Incidence of previous EP, pelvic surgery, tubal pathology, manipulation of uterus and fibroma was significantly higher in EP group. Uterine embryo transfer was introduced as a risk factor for EP. Meticulous evaluation of risk factors need prospective studies.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/50