https://www.jri.ir/ "Journal of Reproduction & Infertility" is owned, published, and copyrighted by ©2009 Avicenna Research Institute. No parts of this journal may be reproduced in any form or by any means unless properly referenced or sent a notification letter through www.jri.ir en Effects of L-arginine on development of mouse pre-implantation embryos in culture media with high level of glucose <p>It is accepted that maternal hyperglycemia causes delay in early embryonic development, spontaneous miscarriage &amp; malformations. According to various studies, some of these problems occur in earlier stages of embryonic developmen especially pre-implantation stage. It seems that elevated glucose level of blood can have important role in this regard as potential teratogen factor. One of cases, which can be related to racousnesses resulting from glucose effects is Nitric Oxide (NO) system disorder in hyperglycemic condition. Some evidences show at first in hyperglycemic condition, L-arginine uptake of media by embryo increases and therefore leads to decrease amount of available L-arginine and since L-arginine is essential substrate for NO production, so it&rsquo;s decrease inhibits NO production. To examine this hypothesis, 2-cell embryos of mice were cultured in media of high concentration of glucose (30mM) and different concentrations of L-arginine (5, 10, 20 mM) and their growth and development were assessed and at the end, embryos were stained by Hoechst 33254 color and the number of their blactocysts were counted by use a Fluorescence microscope. Comparison of embryos culture in HTF culture media with different concentration of glucose and L-arginin showed in high glucose media up to 30 mM affects growth and development of embryos totally and decrease their blactocysts numbers, but addition of 5&ndash;10 mM L-arginine to this media significantly improves this condition. On the contrary addition of L-NAME (an antagonist of L-arginine) significantly inhibits the development of pre-implantation embryos. It seems that reduction in NO production in diabetes is due to decreases in amount of available L-arginine, because increase in L-arginine concentration in high glucose media up to 10 mM partially improves high glucose embryo toxicity. Base on acquired result, it seems use of L-arginine or material which cause NO release in media, can have important role in prevention of high glucosis embryo toxicity.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/52 Psychosocial aspects of infertility from viewpoint of infertility treating physicians <p>Infertility phenomenon extra to medical science territory has been studied in the fields of behavior and social sciences. Infertility as a psychological crisis, has a lot if stress on infertile couples and in different ways, has threatened their mental health. Considering high expenses of fertility in Iran with its socio-cultural aspects, especially for women, has propounded special importance for studying of infertility phenomenon from psychological-social aspects. This research, as preliminary study, has studied viewpoint of Iranian physicians and specialists involved on infertility which have beneficial experiences in regard if infertile couples, as one if most important and reliable resources for cultural-social studies of infertility. This study is a purposive research which by design of psychological-social primary problems in infertility, it investigate the recognition if role if psychological-social factors from view point of Iranian physicians and recognition rate of importance of psychological-social problems with these physicians. In this way infertile couples get more psychological-social supports and also in respect of economical it prevent expending unnecessary time and expenses or performing improper medical treatments and it can accompany the medical treatments with more effective results. After validity inspection of sandbi questionnaire (1997) in primary study, for studying psychological-social factors involved in infertility, questionnaire with 40 questions was prepared and was delivered to 120 physicians and specialist of different fields involved in infertility affairs (Obs &amp; Gyn, Urology, Embryology, Infectious disease and General practitioner). Findings of this descriptive research showed that infertile on the viewpoint of Iranian physicians of infertile community in Iran, which needs more attention. Also, from their point of view, infertile communities belong to families with low income and infertility treatments enforce high expenses to them. Most common emotional and psychological problems of infertile couples were despair, frustration, fear and anxiety. It is has been accompanied in less cases with rage and violence. These problems, with familial and social problems, such as suspension of marital relations and conflicts such as second marriage, separation and divorce are of important matters, which make the psychological consultation services very important and vital. Hopelessness and despair, fear and anxiety, are important psychological factor diseases. Women are more than men patent to psychological hams in this regard. In view point of physicians, stress and glumness in causing infertility, consultation and psychological treatment and awareness of details of diagnostic and remedial proceedings in treatment and improvement of infertility, has effective role and presence of psychiatrist and consultant seem to be necessary in different treatment and clinical infertility wards. In this way, necessary psychological interventions will be provided in all process of before, during and after treatments.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/53 Tense factors and coping strategies in infertile women referring to Alzahra Training Clinical Center of Tabriz (1998) <p>Infertility problem in today world has become a social anxiety and many couples experience infertility problem in some way in their fertility ages. This can cause psychological shock to couples and affect marital life, interpersonal and social relation. For this reason this research which is descriptive study has been designed to investigate the tense factors and coping strategies of infertile women who were admitted to Alzahra Educational and Treatment Center of Tabriz in 1998. The purpose of this research is to investigate physical, psychological and social tense factors and coping strategies concerning affective on infertile woman. In this research 150 infertile women have been chosen on basis of convenient sampling. Data were collected by regular interview using a questionnaire including 3 main parts. The first part was related to sociopersonal characteristic, used diagnosis and treatment ways and cause of infertility, the second part was about physical and psychosocial tense factors and the third part was about determination of coping strategies of infertile women. For evaluation of findings of the research, chi-square test statistics was used. The results of this study showed that fatigue of frequent come and go to clinic was the most physical tense factor (67/3%) with high level. Main psychosocial tense factor was wordiness about achievement of treatment with high and very high level (87/3%). Among coping strategies praying was the always-used coping strategy (79/3%) of participant. Amongst coping strategies 79.3% of participant in research used always praying. Most common coping strategy focusing affective was praying with 79.3% of replying always and accepting the situation with 74% of always reply, was the most used coping strategy focusing on used solution.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/54 Idiopathic Hirsutism or Polycystic Ovary Syndrome <p>Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive disorder, the most important symptoms of which are hirsutism, acne and irregular menstruation. Subjects who had idiopathic hirsutism also suffer from excess hair and have Laboratory results and ultrasound findings, which are similar to PCO. The aim of this study is to find a relationship between idiopathic hirsutism and PCOS. For this reason, PCO were detected using ultrasound imaging in a series of 173 women who presented with significant hirsutism and in some cases with irregular menstruation. Patients were divided in to 3 groups: those with hirsutism and regular menstruation (cycles &gt; 8 per year, group 1, n=96), those with hirsutism and oligomenorrhoea (cycles &lt; 8 per year, group 2, n= 99) and those with hirsutism and amenorrhoea (cycles &lt; 2 per year, group 3, n= 33). These 3 groups were compared with subjects with normal ovaries and regular cycles of 26-34 days and without hirsutism (n= 29) and also with a group of women with PCO and regular cycles who had no sign of hirsutism (n=90). PCO were found in 86% of group 1, 97% of group 2 and 94% of women within group 3. The results suggest that the term &ldquo;idiopathic hirsutim &ldquo; may not be appropriate. Sensitivity of biochemical tests for PCO amongst women of group 1, 2 and 3 were 100%, 91% and 76% respectively. This was in the case when at least one of these biochemical tests were reported to be abnormal: luteinizing hormone level &gt; 9 U/L, testosterone level &gt; 2.2 nmol/L, sex hormone binding globulin &lt; 32 nmol/L or free androgen index &gt; 4.5.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/55 Evaluation of essential time to reach to mature follicle following ovulation stimulation with clomiphene citrate <p>Ovulation disorders and unexplained infertility are most common infertility causes among women. The first line treatment in these cases is clomiphene citrate. This study has been designed to evaluate the essential time for growth follicle to reach 18 mm of diameter among patients who were stimulated to ovulate with clomiphene citrate. Study was experimental type and 78 women with polycystic ovary syndrome and 92 women with unexplained infertility referring to Royan Institute had taken to this study. These persons were under treatment with clomiphene citrate 100mg from day of 5-9 of menstrual cycle and follicular growth monitoring was performed by vaginal ultrasonograghy. The necessary time for follicular growth was determined separately in patients with polycystic ovary disease and unexplained infertility and its correlation with age, duration of infertility, BMI and hirsutism was studied in both groups. There was no significant association between the essential time for follicular growth groups and in both groups it was day of 14 of cycle and length of this time had no significant correlation with age, duration of infertility, hirsutism and BMI. There were more common cases of no response to follicle as absence of follicular growth or progesterone serum level less than 5ng/ml in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Since the average time of follicle growth in patients with PCO and unexplained infertility who were stimulated to ovulate with clomiphene citrate was the day 14 of the cycle in this study, it has been suggested in cases that follicular growth monitoring with ultrasonography or evaluation of LH peak in urine is not possible, the continuation of treatment can be scheduled on the basis that patients with have a mature follicle on day 14 of their cycle.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/56 Effects of hypertension of pregnant mothers on neonates, Taleghani Hospital-1999 <p>Recent studies show that presence of hypertension during pregnancy results to neonatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to investigate and identify the neonatal out comes, which their mothers were afflicted with hypertension during pregnancy. This was a Cohort type of study and in this regard, 160 pregnant women with hypertension were considered from Obs &amp; Gyn Department of Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti Medical Sciences University. 80 pregnant women without hypertension were considered as control group. Morbidity and mortality were compared in these neonates. Results of this study showed that in group of mothers afflicted with hypertension, morbidity and mortality of neonates were 7.5 times, low apgar scores, 9 times birth of premature neonate, 3.5 times, low birth weight of neonate (fetal growth retardation) 2 times of control group. Since hypertension in pregnant women has many serious side effects for neonates, therefore it is recommended that there should be improved cares during pregnancy and on time of recognition and control of this disease, which can be lead to serious problems, and mortality of neonates.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/57 Circadian biological rhythm of normal deliveries <p>Uterine contractions are considerably more frequent in night in compare with day. Base on a research out of 39628 recorded contractions, 67% of them happened between 8:00 pm to 8:00 am. Base on this circadian special rhythm of uterine contractions, delivery frequency should more during night. Probably special rhythm of uterine contractions and deliveries are due to oxytocin secretion. Since knowing the exact and precise frequency of deliveries and circadian and yearly delivery rhythm is important in many aspects (proper assigning of personnel and facilities for duty hours, precise determination of circadian delivery rhythm and correlation of various factors such as age of mother, parity, sex and weight of neonate , &hellip;) this research has been designed. For this purpose, for doing the research, we choose Zeinabiyeh Hospital which is the main Obs. and Gyn. Hospital in Shiraz and all present information were gathered and collected regarding normal delivery in 1998 which included 3868 cases of normal delivery. In total of deliveries 51.4% of cases were boy and 48.6% of cases were girl (ratio of boy to girl was 106:100). Mean weight of babies in this research was 3117&plusmn;599 gram and mean age of mothers was 23.9&plusmn;6.1 years. In 45% of cases, mother was primiparous. In 1% of total deliveries, twin and in 0.1% of cases were triple reports. Birth percentage in different seasons of year did not show any special differences but frequent deliveries were reported between 1:00 am to 8:00 am which was significantly more than 8:00 am to 4:00 pm and 4:00 pm to 24:00 (p&lt;0.00001). The peak of deliveries was at 3:00 am. Variants such as age of mother, parity, sex and weight of mother did not have any correlation with circadian rhythm. In this research it has been shown that circadian rhythm of normal deliveries has high frequency between1:00 am to 8:00am (39%). Base on results of this research and similar researches done over frequency of delivery contractions, it is necessary to design precise researches to determine correlation of circadian rhythm of delivery contractions and body hormones (especially oxytocin).</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/58 Relation between histology of testicular biopsy and level of sex hormones in infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia <p>Testicular retrieval of spermatozoa which is known as testicular extraction (TESE) with subsequent microinjection of spermatozoon into oocyte intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), is an effective treatment program for cases with azoospermia. The main objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the histology of testicular biopsy and it,s correlation with sex hormones of men with non-obstructive azoospermia. A total of 50 infertile men with above condition with mean age of 32.6 years were involved in this study. The level of FSH, LH and testosterone with the TESE results and the size of testicles were recorded in full. In the absence of sperm in TESE samples, the specimens were sent to pathology Laboratory for further evaluation. The results show that spermatozoa were present in TESE samples of 12 cases, while 15 and 7 cases show sertoli cell only syndrome and maturation arrest, respectively. A total of 46%(23 cases) were presented with small testicular size, and 16 of them had high level of FSH. Only 4 individuals with normal size of testis had high elevation of FSH, which was directly related, with the level of LH. However, the abnormal concentration of FSH+LH was indirectly correlated with abnormal levels of testosterone. In addition, an indirect correlation between abnormal FSH with type of testicular pathology was noticed. The results indicate that a successful TESE could be done regardless of the hormonal condition of FSH+LH, Therefore, it is important to note that TESE is unnecessary in cases with atrophied testis with extremely high concentration of FSH. This certainly reduces not only the surgical cost, but also may reduce the psycho-stress upon the infertile couples.</p> https://www.jri.ir/article/59