<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>

<XML>
  <JOURNAL>   
    <YEAR>2006</YEAR>
    <VOL>7</VOL>
    <NO>2</NO>
    <MOSALSAL>27</MOSALSAL>
    <PAGE_NO>80</PAGE_NO>  
    <ARTICLES>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>بررسي الگوي بيان ژن ايندول آمين2و3 دي اكسيژناز در اندومتر موش طي فازهاي مختلف سيكل استروس</TitleF>
    <TitleE>The expression profile of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase in murine endometrium during estrous cycle</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: مطالعات اخير نشان داده‌اند كه بيان آنزيم ايندول آمين 2و3 دي اكسيژناز (IDO)، كه در كاتابوليسم تريپتوفان نقش دارد، براي القاي تحمل ايمونولوژيك مادر عليه جنين و همچنين حفاظت در برابر ارگانيزم‌هاي درون سلولي و برون سلولي ضروري است. اين پژوهش، يك مطالعه تجربي است و هدف از انجام آن بررسي بيان ژن IDO در آندومتر موش و مقايسه ميزان بيان ژن اين آنزيم در فازهاي مختلف سيكل استرس موش است. با توجه به نقش اين آنزيم در بقاي جنين نيمه بيگانه، از نتايج حاصله از اين پژوهش مي‌توان به عنوان پايه‌اي‌ در مطالعات كاربردي در خصوص علل ايمونولوژيك سقط جنين استفاده كرد.روش بررسي: در مطالعة حاضر بيان ژن IDO در آندومتر موش‌هاي ماده طي فازهاي چهارگانه سيكل استروس مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. فازهاي سيكل استروس از طريق بررسي سيتولوژي اسمير واژينال تعيين گرديد.  در هر فاز، آندومتر از ساير قسمت‌هاي رحمي جدا و بيان نسبي IDO mRNA به روش RT-PCR نيمه كمي و با استفاده از پرايمرهاي اختصاصي  IDOو mGAPDH به عنوان ژن House keeping اندازه‌گيري شد. ويژگي واكنش از طريق هضم آنزيمي قطعه تكثير يافته به دو قطعه 138 و259 جفت باز تاييد گرديد. نتايج: نتايج اين مطالعه براي نخستين بار نشان داد كه IDO در آندومتر موش‌هاي ماده طي تمامي فازهاي سيكل استروس بيان مي‌شود. بيان اين ژن در فاز استروس به بالاترين حد و در فاز دي استروس به كمترين مقدار رسيد (001/0p&lt;). 
نتيجه‌گيري: بيان IDO در آندومتر موش طي فازهاي سيكل استروس حاكي از نقش احتمالي اين آنزيم به عنوان يكي از ابزارهاي سيستم ايمني ذاتي در حفاظت كانال توليد مثل در برابرعفونت مي‌باشد. همچنين با توجه به اينكه در موشها، آميزش جنسي فقط در فاز استروس انجام مي‌شود، بيان سطح بالاي آنزيم IDO در اين فاز مي‌تواند به عنوان يك راهكار مهم در القاي تحمل ايمونولوژيك مادر عليه جنين عمل كند.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Activation of Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme responsible for tryptophan catabolism, has been reported to be a necessary requirement to achieve immunological tolerance against the fetus and protection against intracellular and extracellular pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of IDO gene in murine endometrium and its expression rate in different phases of estrous cycle. Noticing the role of this enzyme especially in the survival of a semi-antigenic embryo, the results of this study may be used as a basis for practical studies on the immunologic bases of recurrent abortions.Materials &amp; Methods: In this experimental study, we studied the expression of IDO in the female BALB/c mice endometrium during four stages of estrous cycle .The phases of estrous cycle were determined by examining vaginal cytology .At each phase, endometrium was pealed away and the relative expression of IDO mRNA was detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR using specific primers to IDO and mGAPDH as a housekeeping gene. The specificity of reaction was confirmed by enzymatic digestion of amplicon which yielded to 138bp and 259bp fragments .Results:  Our results showed, for the first time, that IDO is expressed in the endometrium of cycling mice during all stages of estrous cycle. The expression of IDO was highest at estrus and lowest at diestrus (p&lt;.001).
Conclusion: Expression of IDO in endometrium during all phases of estrous cycle reveals that this enzyme as an effective arm of innate immune system may serve a role in protecting the female reproductive tract against ascending infections. Also regarding the fact that, mating only occurs at estrus phase, the high expression of IDO in this phase, may act as the main mechanism in inducing immunological tolerance to the fetus.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>091</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>101</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Narges</Name>
<MidName>N</MidName>
<Family>Abbasi</Family>
<NameE>نرگس </NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>عباسی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Amir Hassan</Name>
<MidName>AH</MidName>
<Family>Zarnani</Family>
<NameE>امیرحسن</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>زرنانی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Pouneh</Name>
<MidName>P</MidName>
<Family>Dokouhaki</Family>
<NameE>پونه</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>دوکوهکی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Jamileh</Name>
<MidName>J</MidName>
<Family>Ghasemi</Family>
<NameE>جمیله</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>قاسمی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Abdolamir</Name>
<MidName>A</MidName>
<Family>Feyzi</Family>
<NameE>عبدالامیر</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>فیضی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohammad Mehdi</Name>
<MidName>MM</MidName>
<Family>Akhondi</Family>
<NameE>محمدمهدی</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>آخوندی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mahmood</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Jeddi-Tehrani</Family>
<NameE>محمود </NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>جدی‌تهرانی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>mahjed@avicenna.ac.ir</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Indolamine 2,3- dioxygenase</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Mice</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Endometrium</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Estrous cycle</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Immunological tolerance</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Recurrent abortion</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>227.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>Munn D.H., Zhou M., Attwood J.T., Bondarev I., Con-way S.J., Marshall B., et al. Prevention of allogeneic##Suzuki S., Tone S., Takikawa O., Kubo T., Kohno I., Minatogawa Y. Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxy-##Sedlmayr P., Blaschitz A., Wintersteiger R., Semlitsch M., Hammer A., MacKenzie C.R., et al. Localization of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in human female reproductive organs and the placenta. Mol Hum Reprod. 2002;8(4):385-91##Kudo Y., Boyd C.A. Human placental indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: cellular localization and characterization of an enzyme preventing fetal rejection. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1500(1):119-24##Taylor M.W., Feng G.S. Relationship between inter-feron-gamma, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and tryptophan catabolism. FASEB J. 1991;5(11):2516-22. Review##Mellor A.L., Munn D.H. Extinguishing maternal immune responses during pregnancy: implications for immunosuppressionSemin Immunol.2001;13(4):213-8##Frumento G., Rotondo R., Tonetti M., Ferrara G.B. T cell proliferation is blocked by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Transplant Proc. 2001;33(1-2):428-30##Takikawa O., Habara-Ohkubo A., Yoshida R. IFN-gamma is the inducer of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in allografted tumor cells undergoing rejection. J Immunol. 1990;145(4):1246-50##Werner-Felmayer G., Werner E.R., Fuchs D., Hausen A., Reibnegger G., Wachter H. Characteristics of inter-feron induced tryptophan metabolism in human cells in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989;1012 (2):140-7##Fuchs D., Malkovsky M., Reibnegger G., Werner E.R., Forni G., Wachter H. Endogenous release of interferon gamma and diminished response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to antigenic stimulation. Immunol Lett. 1989;23(2):103-8. Review##Munn D.H., Shafizadeh E., Attwood J.T., Bondarev I., Pashine A., Mellor A.L.  Inhibition of T cell prolifera-tion by macrophage tryptophan catabolism.J Exp Med. 1999;189(9):1363-72##Hwu P., Du M.X., Lapointe R., Do M., Taylor M.W., Young H.A. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase production by human dendritic cells results in the inhibition of T cell proliferation. J Immunol. 2000; 164(7):3596-9##Fallarino F., Vacca C., Orabona C., Belladonna M.L., Bianchi R., Marshall B., et al. Functional  expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by murine CD8 alpha ( ) dendritic cells. Int Immunol. 2002;14(1):65-8##Yoshida R., Urade Y., Nakata K., Watanabe Y., Haya-ishi O. Specific induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxy-genase by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in the mouse lung. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1981;212(2):629-37##Malina H.Z., Martin X.D.  Indoleamine 2,3-dioxy-genase: antioxidant enzyme in the human eye. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1996;234(7):457-62##Yamazaki F., Kuroiwa T., Takikawa O., Kido R. Human indolylamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Its tissue distri-bution, and characterization of the placental enzyme. Biochem J. 1985;230(3):635-8##Zarnani A.H., Moazzeni S.M., Shokri F., Salehnia M., Dokouhaki P., Shojaeian J., et al. The efficient isola-tion of murine splenic dendritic cells and their cyto-chemical features. Histochem Cell Biol. 2006;126(2): 275-82##Thellin O., Heinen E. Pregnancy and the immune system: between tolerance and rejection. Toxicology. 2003;185(3):179-84. Review##مصفا نریمان، زرنانی امیر حسن، حسن زهیر محمد. ایمونولوزی حاملگی طبیعی. چاپ اول، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی‌ـ درمانی شهید بهشتی (1382)، فصل 6، صفحات: 181-164##Heyborne K., Silver R.M. Immunology of postim-plantation pregnancy, In: Reproductive Immunolog, Bronson R. (Editors), Blakwell scientific publitions Ltd. 1996;pp:383-417##Mellor A.L., Munn D.H. Tryptophan catabolism pre-vents maternal T cells from activating lethal anti-fetal immune responses. J Reprod Immunol. 2001;52(1-2): 5-13. Review##Hunt J.S., Robertson S.A. Uterine macrophages and environmental programming for pregnancy success. J Reprod Immunol. 1996;32(1):1-25. Review##Mellor A.L., Sivakumar J., Chandler P., Smith K., Molina H., Mao D., et al.   Prevention of T cell-driven complement activation and inflammation by trypto-phan catabolism during pregnancy. Nat Immunol. 2001;2(1):64-8##Zarnani A.H., Dokouhaki  P., Tehrani  M.J., Indole-amine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Immunological Tolerance during Pregnancy. Iranian J Immunol. 2004;1:143-153. Rewiew##مصفا نریمان، زرنانی امیر حسن، حسن زهیر محمد، ایمونولوژی حاملگی طبیعی. چاپ اول، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی‌ـ درمانی شهید بهشتی (1382)، فصل 5، صفحات: 156-135##Zarnani A.H., Moazzeni S.M., Shokri F., Salehnia M., Dokouhaki P., Shojaeian J., et al. Analysis of endo-metrial myeloid and lymphoid dendritic cells during mouse estrus cycle. J Reprod Immunol. 2006;71(1):28-40##Erlebacher A. Why isn&#39;t the fetus rejected? Curr Opin Immunol. 2001;13(5):590-3.##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>بررسي شيوع آنتي‌بادي‌های عليه گامت در مايع فوليكولي بيماران نابارور كانديداي ICSI</TitleF>
    <TitleE>Intrafollicular fluid antigamete antibodies in infertile patient candidates for ICSI</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: اختلالات ایمونولوژی را باید يكي از دلايل ناباروری به حساب آورد. آنتی‌بادی‌هاي عليه گامت شامل آنتی‌بادی عليه اسپرم (ASA) و آنتی‌بادی عليه ‌زونا (AZA) در ایجاد ناباروری مؤثر مي‌باشند كه عمدة اين اثرات روی فرآيند لقاح و همچنین مراحل تکامل جنین مي‌باشد. بنابراین بررسی این آنتی‌بادیها در بیماران داوطلب لقاح خارج رحمی (IVF) توصیه می‌شود؛ زيرا در صورت حضور این آنتی‌بادیها در سرم و مايع فوليكولي، درمان بیمار از IVF به میکرواینجکشن (ICSI) تبدیل می‌شود. هدف این مطالعه بررسي حضور آنتی‌بادی عليه ‌اسپرم و آنتی‌بادی عليه زونا در مایع فولیکولی بیماران نابارور كانديداي لقاح خارج رحمي (ICSI) مي‌باشد.
روش بررسي: در این مطالعه آینده‌نگر، مایع فولیکولی 96 بیمار نابارور در محدودة سني 39-20 سال، (1/5&#177;5/31) کاندیداي ICSI جمع‌آوري گردید. براساس علت ناباروری، 80 بیمار داراي علت ناباروری مشخص و 16 بیمار با علت ناباروری نامشخص بودند. مایع فولیکولی تمام بيماران با روش الایزا برای بررسی AZA و دو روش الايزا و Sperm Mar برای ارزيابي حضور ASA بررسی شد و نتایج با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS و آزمون آماري 2 آنالیز و نتایج در سطح 05/0p&lt; معنی‌دار تلقی شد.
نتایج: براساس نتایج روش الایزا و Sperm Mar، در مایع فولیکولی هیچ یک از بیماران آنتي‌بادي عليه اسپرم ديده نشد. این در حالی است که 20 بیمار، (8/20%) AZA را در مایع فولیکولی نشان دادند. همچنین، در بیماران با ناباروری با علت ناشناخته، شیوع AZA به طور واضحی بالاتر از بیماران نابارور با علت مشخص بود (001/0p=). 
نتیجه‌گیری: شیوع پائینASA  و شیوع بالای AZA در بیماران نابارور، به خصوص در ناباروری با علت ناشناخته در ایران باید مهم تلقی شود. بررسی آنتی‌بادی عليه گامت به خصوص آنتی‌بادی عليه زونا در بیماران نابارور مخصوصاً در موارد ناشناخته توصیه می‌شود.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Immunologic disturbances must be considered as a major cause of infertility. Antigamete antibodies like antisperm antibodies (ASA) and to anti-zona antibodies (AZA) seem to be implicated in the etiology of infertility. These antibodies affect fertilization and embryo development. It is important to screen these antibodies in infertile women who are candidates for in-vitro fertilization (IVF), because the presence of these antibodies may switch the treatment from IVF to intra-cytoplasmic microinjection (ICSI). The objective of this study was to deter-mine the presence of ASA and AZA in the follicular fluids (FF) of women who sought candida-cy for ICSI.
Materials &amp; Methods: In this prospective study, the follicular fluids of 96 infertile women (20 to 39 years old, mean 31.5&#177;5.1), who were candidates for ICSI, were evaluated. According to the etiologies, 80 women had explained whereas 16 had unexplained infertility. All the follicular fluids were evaluated for the presence of ASA by ELISA and Sperm MAR test and also for the presence of AZA by ELISA. The data were analyzed by Chi-square test using SPSS soft-ware and the significance level was considered p&lt;0.05.
Results: According to the results of ELISA and Sperm MAR test, none of the patients had ASA in their follicular fluids. However, twenty samples (20.8%) were positive for AZA. In patients with unexplained infertility, autoantibodies to zona pellucida were significantly higher in the follicular fluid than the group with proven etiologies for infertility (p=0.001). 
Conclusion: The low incidence of ASA and the high incidence of AZA in the infertile women in this study, especially in women with unexplained infertility in Iran have to be considered seriously. Determination of AZA is highly recommended in the evaluation of infertile couples, especially those with unexplained infertility.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>101</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>111</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Soheila</Name>
<MidName>S</MidName>
<Family>Arefi</Family>
<NameE>سهیلا </NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>عارفی </FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>arefi@avicenna.ac.ir</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohammad Mehdi</Name>
<MidName>MM</MidName>
<Family>Akhondi</Family>
<NameE>محمدمهدی</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>آخوندی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohammad Reza</Name>
<MidName>MR</MidName>
<Family>Sadeghi</Family>
<NameE> محمدرضا</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>صادقی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mahmood</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Jeddi-Tehrani</Family>
<NameE>محمود </NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>جدی‌تهرانی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mahnaz</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Heidari</Family>
<NameE>مهناز</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>حیدری</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Asghar</Name>
<MidName>A</MidName>
<Family>Talebian</Family>
<NameE>اصغر</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>طالبیان</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Ali Ahmad</Name>
<MidName>AA</MidName>
<Family>Bayat</Family>
<NameE>علی احمد</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>بیات</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Ali</Name>
<MidName>A</MidName>
<Family>Sadeghpour Tabaei</Family>
<NameE>علی</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>صادق‌پورطبائی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Rajaie Heart Center</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Rajaie Heart Center</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Anti- zona antibody</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Follicular fluid</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Unexpained infertility</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>&lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;/i&gt; fertilization</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Microinjection</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Autoantibody</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Antigamete antibody</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Antisperm antibody</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>228.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>Bohring C., Krause W. Characterization of spermato-zoa surface antigens by antisperm and it’s influence on acrosomal exocytosis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2003;50 (5):411-19##Moustafa M., Ozornek M.H., Krussel J.S., Cupisti S., Bodden-Heidrich R., Koldovsky U., et al. The effect of anti gamete antibodies on the success of assisted Rep-roduction. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1997;24(2):7-9##Dunbar B.S., Avery S., Lee V., Prasad S., Schwahn D., Schwoebel E., et al. The mammalian Zona Pellucida: its biochemistry, immunochemistry, molecular biology and developmental expression. Reprod Fertil Dev. 1994;6(3):331-47##Shabanowitz R.B. O’ Rand M.G. Characterization of the human zona pellucida from fertilized and unferti-lized eggs. J Reprod Fertil. 1988,82:151##Shivers C.A., Dunbar B.S. Autoantibodies to the Zona pellucida: A possible cause for infertility in women. Science.1977; 197:1082-1086##Dietl J., Freye J., Mettler L. Fertility inhibition using low-dose immunization with procine zona. pellucidae. Am J Reprod Immunol.1982;2(3):153-6##Shibahara H., Shiraishi Y., Hirano Y., Suzuki T., Takamizawa S., Suzuki M. Divesity of the inhibitory effects on fertilization by antisperm antibodies bond to the smface of ejaculated human sperm. Hum Reprod. 2003;18(7):1469-73##Kakagawa K., Kamada M., Maegawa M., Irahara M., Aono T. Sperm-immobilizing antibodies block capaci-tation in human spermatozoa. Arch Androl. 2001;47 (2):135-42##Check J.H., Bollendorf A., Katsoff D., Kozak J. The frequency of antisperm antibodies in the cervical mucus of women with poor postcoital tests and their effect on pregnancy rates. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1994;32(1):38-42##Naz R.K. Modalities for treatment of antisperm anti-body mediated infertility: Novel Prospective.  Am J Reprod Immunol. 2004;51(2):390-7##Saragueta P., Lanuza G., Miranda P.V., Tzon J.G., Baranao J.L. Immunoglobulins from human follicular fluid induce the acrosome reaction in human sperm. Mol Reprod Dev. 1994;39(3):280-8##Mardesic T., Ulcova-Gallova Z., Huttelova R., Muller P., Voboril J., Mikova M., et al. The influence of different types of antibodies on in vitro fertilization results. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2000;43(1):1-5##طالبیان اصغر، زرنانی امیرحسن، جدی‌تهرانی محمود، آخوندی محمدمهدی، صادقی محمدرضا. طراحی روش الایزا با استفاده از آنتی‌ژن‌های سطح اسپرم جهت اندازه‌گیری آنتی‌بادی علیه اسپرم در مقایسه آن با تست آگلوتیناسیون Sperm Mar. باروری و ناباروری: سال پنجم(1382) شماره 1. صفحات:34-23##Putowski et al. The immunological profile of infertile women after repeated IVF failure. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;112(2):192-6##Unlu C., Bohmer S., Maas D.H. Immunological factors in extracorporeal fertilization. The role of antibodies against spermatozoa and zona pellucida antigen. Fortschr Med. 1990;108(23):450-3##Kohl B., Kohl H., Krause W., Deichert U. The clini-cal significance of antisperm antibodies in infertile couples. Hum Reprod. 1992;7(10):1384-7##Curtis P., Burford G., Amso N., Keith E., Shaw R.W. Assessment of the relevance of zona pellucida anti-bodies in serum and cervical mucus in patients who have fertilization failure during in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 1991;56(6):1124-7##Ivanova M., Djarkova T., Mollova M., Petrov M., Tikhomirova T., Dakhno F. Zona pellucida autoanti-bodies in women undergoing ART. Folia Biol(Praha). 1999;45(2):59-62##Taneichi A., Shibahara H., Takahashi K., Sasaki S., Kikuchi K., Sato I., et al. Effects of sera from infertile women with sperm immobilizing antibodies on ferti-lization and embryo development in vitro in mice. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2003;50(2):146-51##Kay D.J., Boettcher B. Comparison of the Sperm Mar test with the currently accepted procedures for detec-ting human sperm antibodies. Reprod Fertil De. 1992; 175-81##Chiu W.W., Chamley L.W. Human seminal plasma prolactin-inducible protein is an immunoglobulin G-binding protein. J Reprod Immunol. 2003;60(2):97-111##Naz R.K., Involvement of fertilization anti sperm (FA-1) in involuntary immuno infertility in humans. J Clin Invert. 1987;80(5):1375-83##Menge A.C., Medley N.E., Mangione C.M., Dietrich J.W. The incidence and influence of antisperm anti-##de Almedia M., Gazagne I., Jeulin C., Herry M., Belaisch-Allart J., Frydman R., et al. In vitro process-ing of sperm with autoantibodies and in- vitro fertiliza-tion results. Hum Reprod. 1989;4(1):49-53##Mandelbaum S.L., Diamond M.P., DeCherney A.H. The impact of antisperm antibodies on human infertil-ity. J Urol.1987;138(1):1-8##کاظمینی سید محمد، صدیقی گیلانی محمدعلی، دادخواه فرید، هادی ندوشن حسین. تعیین آنتی‌بادی علیه اسپرم در سرم و مایع انزالی مردان آزواسپرم به منظور پیشگویی موفقیت استخراج اسپرم از بیضه. باروری و ناباروری: سال چهارم (1382) شماره 4. صفحات:279-273##Mhaskar A., Buckshee K., Talwar G.P.Autoantibodies to zona pellucida in tubectomized women. Contracep-tion. 1984;29(1):75-82##Nishimoto T., Mori T., Yamada I., Nishimura T. Autoantibodies to zonapellucida in infertile and aged women. Fertil Steril. 1980;34(6):552-6##Ulcova-Gallova Z., Babcova K., Novakova P., Mica-nova Z., Rokyta Z. Antizonal antibodies in ovulatory cervical mucus and in serum of patients with fertility disorders. Ceska Gynekol. 2004;69(3):215-8##Papale M.L., Grillo A., Leonardi E., Giuffrida G., Palumbo M., Palumbo G. Assessment of the relevance of zona pellucida antibodies in follicular fluid of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) patients. Hum Reprod. 1994;9 (10):1827-31##Chang T.H., Jin M.H., Wu T.C. Relationship of sperm antibodies in women and men to human in vitro ferti-lization, cleavage and pregnancy rate. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1993;30(2-3):108-12##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>تعيين رابطـه نسبت سطوح خوني لپتين غيرناشتاي سرم به BMI و لپتين مايع فوليكولي با نتيجه ART </TitleF>
    <TitleE>Determining the relation between non-fasting serum leptin- BMI ratio and follicular fluid leptin to ART outcomes</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: با توجه به بار مالي و رواني كه تكنيك‌هاي كمك باروري (ART) به زوجين نابارور تحميل مي‌كند، پيش‌بيني نتايج آن از اهميت ويژه‌اي برخوردار است. با توجه به مطالعات قبلي، سطح لپتين مي‌تواند با باروري ارتباط داشته باشد. لذا هدف از انجام اين مطالعه بررسي ارتباط سطح لپتين سرم، لپتين مايع فوليکولي و نسبت سطح سرمي لپتين به شاخص توده بدني (BMI) با نتايج تکنيک‌هاي کمک باروري بود. 
روش بررسي: 99 خانم غيرمبتلا به تخمدان پلي‌كيستيك (PCO) از بيماران نابارور مراجعه كننده به بيمارستان دكتر شريعتي در نيمه اول سال 84 انتخاب و تحت تحريک تخمداني با پروتكل طولاني مدت قرار گرفتند. لپتين سرم 
در روز شروع تجويز گنادوتروپين و لپتين مايع فوليکولي در روز دريافت اووسيت اندازه‌گيري شد و نتايج حاصله در دو گروه باردار و غيرباردار با نرم افزار SPSS و آزمون t مورد مقايسه قرار گرفت. 05/0p &lt; معني‌دار در نظر گرفته شد.
نتايج: ميانگين هندسي لپتين سرم در گروه غيرباردار ng/ml68/142/16 و در گروه باردار ng/ml20/209/14 بود. لپتين مايع فوليکولي در گروه غيرباردار ng/ml 56/273/8 و در گروه باردار ng/ml 76/207/11 و نسبت لپتين سرم به BMI نيز در دو گروه به ترتيب 62/164 و 04/255 بود كه از نظر آماري تفاوت معني‌داري نداشت.
نتيجه‌گيري: براساس نتايج اين تحقيق، لپتين سرم و مايع فوليکولي و نيز نسبت لپتين به BMI نمي‌تواند پيش‌بيني‌کننده نتايج ART ‌باشد و در حال حاضر نمي‌توان به‌عنوان يك عامل پيش‌بيني‌كننده مورد اندازه‌گيري قرار گيرد. ضمناً پيشنهاد مي‌شود مطالعات بعدي در گروه‌هاي همگن‌تري از نظر علت ناباروري و تعداد افراد انجام شود.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Considering the economical and psychological burden of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), finding factors predicting ART results is of great value. So this study was undertaken to evaluate whether serum and follicular and serum leptin to body mass index (BMI) are predictive of ART outcomes.
Materials &amp; Methods: 99 non-polycystic ovary patients from the body of patients referring to infertility ward of Shariati Hospital, from April to September 2005, were selected and underwent the long protocol of GnRH agonist ovarian hyperstimulation. Serum leptin was measured on the 3rd day of menstrual cycle. Follicular fluid (FF) was collected on the day of oocyte retrieval. The serum and follicular fluid leptin levels were determined by ELISA. Mean the levels of serum and follicular fluid leptin and leptin to BMI ratios were compared in pregnant and nonpregnant women, using SPSS software, student t-test. P-values &lt;0.05 were considered significant. 
Results: Geometrical mean serum leptin (16.42&#177;1.48ng/ml for the nonpregnant and 14.09&#177;2.20 ng/ml for the pregnant cases), follicular fluid leptin (8.73&#177;2.56ng/ml for the nonpregnant and 11.072.76ng/ml for the pregnant cases) and serum leptin to BMI ratios (0.64&#177;1.61 for the nonpregnant and 0.55&#177;2.04 for the pregnant cases) were not significantly different.
Conclusion: According to the results, serum and follicular leptin levels and serum leptin to BMI ratios are not predictive of ART outcomes and in the meantime they should not be considered as a prognostic factor but further studies are recommended with more selective criteria to address infertility causes.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>111</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>117</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Leili</Name>
<MidName>L</MidName>
<Family>Safdarian</Family>
<NameE>لیلی</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>صفدریان</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Infertility Treatment Ward, Shariati Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences &amp;amp; Health Services University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Infertility Treatment Ward, Shariati Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences &amp; Health Services University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Elaheh</Name>
<MidName>E</MidName>
<Family>Mossayebi</Family>
<NameE>الهـه</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>مسیبـی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Infertility Treatment Ward, Shariati Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences &amp;amp; Health Services University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Infertility Treatment Ward, Shariati Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences &amp; Health Services University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>el1mosby@yahoo.com</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Ebrahim</Name>
<MidName>E</MidName>
<Family>Djavadi</Family>
<NameE> ابراهیم</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>جوادی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohammad Bagher</Name>
<MidName>MB</MidName>
<Family>Larijani</Family>
<NameE>محمدباقر</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>لاریجانی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Ramin</Name>
<MidName>R</MidName>
<Family>Heshmat</Family>
<NameE>رامین</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>حشمت</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Afsaneh</Name>
<MidName>A</MidName>
<Family>Khademi</Family>
<NameE>افسانه </NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>خادمی </FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Infertility Treatment Ward, Shariati Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences &amp;amp; Health Services University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Infertility Treatment Ward, Shariati Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences &amp; Health Services University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Ashraf</Name>
<MidName>A</MidName>
<Family>Alyasin</Family>
<NameE>اشرف</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>آل یاسین</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Infertility Treatment Ward, Shariati Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences &amp;amp; Health Services University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Infertility Treatment Ward, Shariati Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences &amp; Health Services University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Marzieh</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Agha Hossinei</Family>
<NameE>مرضیه</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>آقاحسینی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Infertility Treatment Ward, Shariati Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences &amp;amp; Health Services University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Infertility Treatment Ward, Shariati Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences &amp; Health Services University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Infertility</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Assisted Reproductive Techniques</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Leptin</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>BMI</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>FF</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>COH</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>229.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>Pellestor F., Andreo B., Arnal F., Humeau C., Demaille J. Maternal aging and chromosomal abnormalities: new data drawn from in vitro unfertilized human oocytes. Hum Genet. 2003;112(2): 195-203##Tsai E.M., Yang C.H., Chen S.C., Liu Y.H., Chen H.S., et al. Leptin affects pregnancy outcome of  in vitro fertilization and steroidogenesis of human granulosa cells. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2002;19(4): 169-76##Clarke I.J., Henry B.A. Leptin and reproduction. Rev Reprod. 1999;4(1):48-55##Spicer L.J., Francisco C.C. The adipose obese gene pro-duct, Leptin: evidence of a direct inhibitory role in ova- rian function. Endocrinology. 1997;138(8):3374-9##Zachow R.J., Magoffin D.A. Direct intraovarian effects of leptin: impairment of synergisitic action of insulin- like growth factor- I on follicle- stimulating hormone- dependent estradiol- 17 beta production by rat ovarian granulosa cells. Endocrinology. 1997;138(2):847-50##Karlsson C., Lindell K., Svensson E., Bergh C., Lind P., et al. Expression of fuctional leptin receptors in the human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(12):##Cioffi J.A., Van Blerkom J., Antczak M., Shafer A., Wittmer S., et al. The expression of leptin and its receptors in pre-ovulatory human follicles. Mol Hum Reprod. 1997;3(6):467-72##Antczak M., Van Blerkom J. Oocyte influences on early development: the regulatory proteins leptin and STAT3 are polarized in mouse and human oocytes and differ-rentially distributed within the cells of the preimplan-tation stage embryo. Mol Hum Reprod. 1997;3(12): 1067-86##Butzow T.L., Moilanen J.M., Lehtovirta M., Tuomi T., Hovatta O., et al. Serum and follicular fluid leptin during in vitro fertilization: relationship among leptin increase, body fat mass, and reduced ovarian response. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(9):3135-9##Mantzoros C.S., Cramer D.W. Liberman R.F., Barbieri R.L. Predictive value of serum and follicular fluid leptin concentrations during assisted reproductive cycles in normal women and in women with the poly-cystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(3): 539-44##Barroso G., Barrionuevo M., Rao P.P., Graham L., Danforth D., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor, nitric oxide, and leptin follicular fluid levels correlate negatively with embryo quality in IVF patients. Fertil Steril. 1999;72(6):1024-6##Brannian J.D., Schmidt S.M., Kreger D.O., Hansen K.A. Baseline non-fasting serum leptin concentration##Robins J.C., Srivastava R., Mershon J.L., Thomas M.A. Association of leptin with poor ovarian stimula-tion during in vitro fertilization. J Reprod Med. 2005; 50(5):356-60##Chen R., Fisch B., Ben-Haroush A., Kaplan B., Hod M., Orvieto R. Serum and follicular fluid leptin levels in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimu-lation for in vitro fertilization cycle. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2004;31(2):103-6##Yang X.F., Huang H.F. Impact of leptin levels on outcome of in vitro fertilization- embryo transfer. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2002;31(3): 155-158.Chinese##Anifandis G., Koutselini E., Louridas K., Liakopoulos V., Leivaditis K., et al. Estradiol and leptin as condi-tional prognostic IVF markers. Reproduction. 2005; 129(4):531-4##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>بررسي نقش ضخامت اندومتر در پيامد درمان تزريق داخل سيتوپلاسمي اسپرم (ICSI)</TitleF>
    <TitleE>The role of endometrial thickness on intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: سونوگرافي واژينال، پاسخ به تحريك تخمك‌گذاري، زمان جمع‌آوري تخمكها و انتقال جنين به رحم را مشخص مي‌كند. ممكن است سونوگرافي سه بعدي به طور گسترده‌ در هر يك از اين موارد استفاده شود كه نقش ويژه‌اي را در پيشگويي پاسخ تخمدان و تعيين پذيرش اندومتر دارد. با وجود استفاده گسترده از سونوگرافي با رزولوشن بالا، ارزش باليني تعيين ضخامت و الگوي اندومتر مورد بحث مي‌باشد و نقش پيشگويي كننده آن در تعيين پيامد درمان ICSI مورد توافق نيست. هدف از اين مطالعه، بررسي نقش ضخامت اندومتر در پيامد درمان تزريق داخل سيتوپلاسمي اسپرم (ICSI) بود.
روش بررسي: مطالعه از نوع مقطعي‌ـ تحليلي بود. در اين مطالعه ارزش پيشگويي‌كننده ضخامت اندومتر در پيامد درماني ICSI-ET در بيماران مراجعه كننده به موسسه درمان ناباروري مهر از سال 1383 تا 1384 مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. در اين تحقيق پس از ارزيابي اوليه شامل آزمايشات، سونوگرافي، هيستروسالپينگوگرافي و ... زنان با مشكل رحمي نظير فيبروم از مطالعه حذف و زوجين با علت ناباروري مردانه، عوامل لوله‌اي، عامل تخمداني و نامشخص وارد مطالعه شدند. در اين مطالعه با انجام سونوگرافي واژينال در روز تزريق گنادوتروپين جفتي (hCG) ضخامت اندومتر در محل تلاقي اندومتر و ميومتر در مقطع عرضي رحم بررسي شد. همه بيماران با پروتكل طولاني تحريك تخمك‌گذاري (COH) شدند. شرايط ورود به مطالعه ضخامت اندومتر مساوي يا بيش از mm6 و الگوي سه خطي بود. متغيرهاي مخدوش‌كننده شامل سن زن، مدت و علت ناباروري، كيفيت جنين و تعداد آمپول‌هاي hMG تجويز شده جهت COH بود. جهت تعيين فاكتورهاي مؤثر بر موفقيت ICSI آزمون رگرسيون لجستيك انجام گرفت. منحني ROC نيز جهت تعيين نقطه برش (Cut-off point) استفاده شد. خطاي  كمتر از 05/0 به عنوان سطح معني‌داري در نظر گرفته شد.  
نتايج: در طي مدت بررسي 528 بيمار ارزيابي شدند. بارداري باليني در (4/36%) 528/192 نفر ديده شد. ميانگين تعداد تخمك برداشت شده، تعداد تخمك در متافاز دو، تخمك لقاح يافته، تعداد تسهيم سلولي و جنين منتقل شده بر پيامد درمان تاثير داشت. ميانگين سن زن نيز بر نتيجه ICSI تاثير معني‌داري (05/0p&lt;) را نشان داد (5/5&#177;9/29 سال در زنان باردار در مقابل 3/6&#177;2/32 سال در زنان غير باردار). ميانگين مدت ناباروري بر پيامد درمان تأثير معني‌داري را نشان نداد. آزمون رگرسيون لجستيك نشان داد كه بين ضخامت اندومتر، مدت و علت ناباروري، تعداد آمپول‌هاي hMG مصرف شده جهت COH و پيامد درمان ارتباط آماري معني‌داري وجود ندارد؛ اما اختلاف آماري معني‌داري بين سن زن و كيفيت جنين با موفقيت ICSI مشاهده شد (05/0p&lt;). نتايج منحني ROC نيز ارتباط آماري معني‌داري را بين ضخامت اندومتر و پيامد بارداري نشان نداد. 
نتيجه‌گيري: ضخامت اندومتر مساوي يا بيش از mm 6 در روز تزريق hCG، ارزش پيشگويي كننده جهت تعيين موفقيت بارداري ندارد. مطالعات بيشتري براي پاسخگويي به اختلاف نظر در مورد نقش ضخامت اندومتر در سيكل‌هاي درماني ICSI پيشنهاد مي‌شود.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Transvaginal sonography is used to monitor the response to ovulation induction, to guide transvaginal collection of oocytes and subsequently guide transcervical transfer of embryos to the uterus. Three-dimensional sonography may be used in any of these areas but it has largely been applied as a tool for the evaluation of ovarian response to treatment and as a determinant of endometrial receptivity. Despite the widespread use of high-resolution ultrasonography, the clinical significance of differences in endomet-rial thickness and pattern has remained controversial and its predictive role in determining the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injections (ICSI) has not been established yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of endometrial thickness on ICSI success rates.
Materials &amp; Methods: In this cross-sectional study we evaluated the predictive values of endometrial thickness in infertile couples who referred to Mehr Infertility Institute during 2005-2006 for ICSI. After preliminary studies, including hormonal tests, sonography, hysterosalpingography, etc, women with uterine disorders such as myomas, Asherman&#39;s syndrome, etc, were excluded but couples with tubal, ovulatory and male factor infertilities and also those with unexplained etiologies of infertility were included in the study. Endometrial thickness was measured from the echogenic interface of the endometrial-myometrium junction in transverse fundal sections by intravaginal sonography on the day of hCG injections. All patients were put on the long protocol for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) and those who had a triple-line pattern in endometrium and a thickness of 6 mm were included in the study. The following variables were evalu-ated as potential confounders: age of the cases, duration of infertility, causes of infertility, embryo quality and number of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) injections used for COH. In an effort to determine the factors affecting ICSI success rates, multivariate analysis was performed based on logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the cut-off point. An alpha error of &lt;0.05 was considered significant. 
Results: During the study, 528 patients were evaluated. Clinical pregnancy was reported in 192/528 cycles (36.4%).The mean number of oocyte retrieval, injected oocytes (in metaphase II), fertilized, cleaved and transferred embryos had statistically significant effects on pregnancy rates (p&lt;0.05). The mean age of those who responded to treatment was 29.9&#177;5.5 years in the pregnant versus 32.2&#177;6.3 years in the non pregnant cases (p&lt;0.05). The mean duration of infertility did not influence pregnancy rates (7.6&#177;5.5 years in the pregnant versus 7.6&#177;5.4 years in the non-pregnant) (p&lt;0.05). The relations between pregnancy rates and endometrial thickness classification were not statistically significant. Multiple logistic regressions showed no statistically significant effects by endometrial thickness, duration of infertility, causes of infertility and number of gonadotropin injections for ovarian stimulation on the outcome of IVF/ICSI, but there was a significant relation between female age and embryo quality for ICSI success rates. The ROC curve indica-ted no significant effects of endometrial thickness on the outcome of IVF/ICSI (p&gt;0.05).
Conclusion: Endometrial thickness 6mm on the day of hCG administration does not have any value in predicting ICSI outcomes. Further studies are needed to provide an answer to this contradictory opinion about the role of endometrial thickness during ICSI-ET treatment cycles.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>117</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>125</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Marzieh</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Mehrafza</Family>
<NameE>مرضیه</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>مهرافزا</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Gynecology &amp;amp; Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Gynecology &amp; Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>dr_mehrafza@yahoo.com</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Masoumeh</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Asgharnia</Family>
<NameE>معصومه</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>اصغرنیا</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Gynecology &amp;amp; Midwifery, Islamic Azad University- Rasht Branch</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Gynecology &amp; Midwifery, Islamic Azad University- Rasht Branch</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Abtin</Name>
<MidName>A</MidName>
<Family>Heidarzadeh</Family>
<NameE>آبتین</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>حیدر زاده</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Community Medicine and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Community Medicine and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mona</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Oudi</Family>
<NameE>مونا</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>عودی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Research Unit, Mehr Infertility Institute</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Research Unit, Mehr Infertility Institute</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Azar</Name>
<MidName>A</MidName>
<Family>Rezasefat</Family>
<NameE>آذر</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>رضا صفت</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Internal Medicine Ward, Heshmat Hospital</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Internal Medicine Ward, Heshmat Hospital</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Ahmad</Name>
<MidName>A</MidName>
<Family>Hossaini</Family>
<NameE>احمد</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>حسینی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Endometrial thickness</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Sonography</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Pregnancy rate</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>ICSI</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Infertility</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>COH</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>230.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>Yaman C., Ebner T., Sommergruber M., Polz W., Tews G. Role of three-dimensional ultrasonographic meas-urement of endometrium volume as a predictor of pregnancy outcome in an IVF-ET program: a prelimi-nary study.Fertil Steril. 2000;74(4):797-801##Schild R.L., Indefrei D., Eschweiler S., Van der Ven H., Fimmers R., Hansmann M. Three-dimensional endometrial volume calculation and pregnancy rate in an in-vitro fertilization programme.Hum Reprod. 1999; 14(5):1255-8##Yuval Y., Lipitz S., Dor J., Achiron R. The relation-ships between endometrial thickness, and blood flow and pregnancy rates in in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod. 1999;14(4):1067-71##Bohrer M.K., Hock D.L., Rhoads G.G., Kemmann E. Sonographic assessment of endometrial pattern and thickness in patients treated with human menopausal gonadotropins. Fertil Steril. 1996;66(2):244-7##Kovacs P., Matyas S., Boda K., Kaali S.G. The effect of endometrial thickness on IVF/ICSI outcome. Hum Reprod. 2003;18(11):2337-41##Coulam C.B., Bustillo M., Soenksen D.M., Britten S. Ultrasonographic predictors of implantation after assis-ted reproduction. Fertil Steril. 1994;62(5):1004-10##Bassil S.Changes in endometrial thickness, width, length and pattern in predicting pregnancy outcome during ovarian stimulation in in vitro fertilization. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001;18(3):258-63##Dickey R.P., Olar T.T., Taylor S.N., Curole D.N., Matulich E.M. Relationship of endometrial thickness and pattern to fecundity in ovulation induction cycles: effect of clomiphene citrate alone and with human menopausal gonadotropin. Fertil Steril. 1993;59(4):756 -60##Dickey R.P., Olar T.T., Curole D.N., Taylor S.N., Rye P.H. Endometrial pattern and thickness associated with pregnancy outcome after Assisted Reproduction Tech-nologies. Hum Reprod. 1992;7(3):418-21##Vera J.A., Arguello B., Crisosto C.A. Predictive value of endometrial pattern and thickness in the result of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Rev Chil ObstetGinecol. 1995;60(3):195-8##Yaman C., Ebner T., Jesacher K., Sommergruber M., Radner G., Tews G. Sonographic measurement of endometrium thickness as a predictive value for preg-nancy through IVF. Ultraschall Med. 2002;23(4):256-9##Fanchin R., Righini C., Ayoubi J.M., Olivennes F., de Ziegler D., Frydman R. New look at endometrial echo-genicity: objective computer-assisted measurements predict endometrial receptivity in in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Fertil Steril. 2000;74(2):274-81##Leibovitz Z., Grinin V., Rabia R., Degani S., Shapiro I., Tal J., Eibschitz I., Harari O., Paltieli Y., Aharoni A., Zeevi J., Ohel G. Assessment of endometrial recap-tivity for gestation in patients undergoing in vitro ferti-lization, using endometrial thickness and the endomet-rium-myometrium relative echogenicity coefficient. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1999;14(3):194-9##Oliveira J.B., Baruffi R.L., Mauri A.L., Petersen C. G., Borges M.C., Franco J.G. Jr. Endometrial ultra-sonography as a predictor of pregnancy in an in-vitro fertilization programme after ovarian stimulation and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and gonadotrophins. Hum Reprod. 1997;12(11):2515-8##Ueno J., Oehninger S., Brzyski R.G., Acosta A.A., Philput C.B., Muasher S.J. Ultrasonographic appea-rance of the endometrium in natural and stimulated in-vitro fertilization cycles and its correlation with out-come. Hum Reprod. 1991;6(7):901-4##Damon V.B., Bessai K., Gregor J. Using ultrasound imaging in implantation. Zentralbl Gynakol.2001;123 (6):340-3##Turnbull L.W., Lesny P., Killick S.R. Assessment of uterine receptivity prior to embryo transfer: a review of currently available imaging modalities. Hum Reprod Update. 1995;1(5):505-14##Khalifa E., Brzyski R.G., Oehninger S., Acosta A.A., Muasher S.J. Sonographic appearance of the endomet-rium: the predictive value for the outcome of in-vitro fertilization in stimulated cycles. Hum Reprod. 1992;7 (5):677-80##Oliveira J.B., Baruffi R.L., Mauri A.L., Petersen C. G., Campos M.S., Franco J.G. Jr. Endometrial ultraso-nography as a predictor of pregnancy in an in-vitro fer-tilization programme. Hum Reprod. 1993;8(8):1312-5##Weissman A., Gotlieb L., Casper R.F. The detri-mental effect of increased endometrial thickness on implantation and pregnancy rates and outcome in an in vitro fertilization program. Fertil Steril. 1999;71(1): 147-9##Zaidi J., Campbell S., Pittrof R., Tan S.L. Endomet-rial thickness, morphology, vascular penetration and velocimetry in predicting implantation in an in-vitro fertilization program. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1995;6(3):191-8##Madgar I., Hourvitz A., Levron J., Seidman D.S., Shulman A., Raviv G.G., et al. Outcome of invitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic injection of epidi-dymal and testicular sperm extracted from patients with obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril. 1998;69(6):1080-4##Kruger T.F., du Toit T.C., Franken D.R., Menkveld R., Lombard C.J. Sperm morphology: assessing the agreement between the manual method (strict criteria) and the sperm morphology analyzer IVOS. Fertil Steril. 1995;63(1):134-41##Rashidi B.H., Sadeghi M., Jafarabadi M., Tehrani Nejad E.S. Relationships between pregnancy rates following in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection and endometrial thickness and pattern. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005;120(2):179-84##Check J.H., Nowroozi K., Choe J., Lurie D., Diette-rich C. The effect of endometrial thickness and echo pattern on in vitro fertilization outcome in donor oocyte-embryo transfer cycle. Fertil Steril. 1993;59(1): 72-5##Idriss W.K., Mohiuddin M.A., Zachariah M., Samba-sivarao K. Prognostic significance of endometrial evaluation by ultrasonography in ovulation induced cycles. Saudi Med J. 2000;21(11):1059-64##Dietterich C., Check J.H., Choe J.K., Nazari A., Lurie D. Increased endometrial thickness on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin injection does not adversely affect pregnancy or implantation rates following in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Fertil Steril. 2002;77(4):781-6##Zhang X., Chen C.H., Confino E., Barnes R., Milad M., Kazer R.R. Increased endometrial thickness is associated with improved treatment outcome for selected patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Fertil Steril. 2005;83(2):336-40(yes)##Nawroth F., Foth D. Endometrial thickness and preg-nancy rates. Fertil Steril. 2004;82(6):1719-20##Soares S.R., Troncoso C., Bosch E., Serra V., Simon C., Remohi J., Pellicer A. Age and uterine recepti-veness: predicting the outcome of oocyte donation cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(7):4399-404##Jarvela I.Y., Sladkevicius P., Kelly S., Ojha K., Campbell S., Nargund G. Evaluation of endometrial receptivity during In-vitro fertilization using three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;26(7):765-9##Yoeli R., Ashkenazi J., Orvieto R., Shelef M., Kaplan B., Bar-Hava I. Significance of increased endometrial thickness in assisted reproduction technology treat-ments. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2004; 21(8):285-9##Kupesic S., Bekavac I., Bjelos D., Kurjak A. Assess-ment of endometrial receptivity by transvaginal color Doppler and three-dimensional power Doppler ultra-sonography in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization procedures. J Ultrasound Med. 2001;20(2):125-34##Sharara F.I., Lim J., McClamrock H.D. Endometrial pattern on the day of oocyte retrieval is more predictive of implantation success than the pattern or thickness on the day of hCG administration. J Assist Reprod Genet. 1999;16(10):523-8##Rinaldi L., Lisi F., Floccari A., Lisi R., Pepe G., Fishel S. Endometrial thickness as a predictor of preg-nancy after in-vitro fertilization but not after intracyto-plasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod. 1996;11(7): 1538-41##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>میزان مصرف داروهای گیاهی در زنان باردار شهركرد</TitleF>
    <TitleE>Use of herbal medicines by pregnant women in Shahr-e-Kord</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: داروهای گیاهی به دلايل مختلفي توسط بسیاری از زنان باردار طي دوران بارداري استفاده می‌شود و اغلب در باور عموم مردم، داروهاي گياهي طبیعی، سالم، بی‌ضرر و بدون عوارض جانبی قلمداد می‌شوند؛ در حاليكه ممکن است اين گياهان باعث عوارض جانبی در مادر و جنین و یا تداخلات دارویی گردند. اين مطالعه به منظور تعيين ميزان بکارگيري داروهاي گياهي در زنان باردار مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتي‌ـ درماني شهرکرد صورت گرفت.
روش بررسي: در اين بررسي توصيفي مقطعي 447 مادر باردار مراجعه كننده به مراکز بهداشتی‌ـ درمانی شهرکرد طی 6 ماهه اول سال 1384 در مورد استفاده از داروهاي گياهي مورد پرسش قرارگرفتند. پرسشنامه مبتني بر هدف تهيه و از طريق مصاحبه حضوري كامل شد. نمونه‌گيري به روش آسان و مبتني بر دسترسي به واحدهاي پژوهش انجام شد. آزمون‌هاي آماري مورد استفاده شامل آزمون t و 2 بود.
نتايج: ميزان استفاده از داروهاي گياهي در زنان باردار 9/51% بود. 7/91% واحدهاي پژوهش نگرش مثبتي نسبت به داروهاي گياهي داشتند. تنها 15% افراد مورد مطالعه معتقد بودند مصرف داروهاي گياهي در طي بارداري مضر است. 9/55% افراد، مصرف داروهاي گياهي را به پزشک معالج خود اطلاع نداده بودند که شايع‌ترين علت عدم اطلاع به پزشک، طبيعي و بي‌ضرر دانستن داورهاي گياهي (1/39%) و عدم پرسش پزشک (8/34%) گزارش شد. شايع‌ترين علل مصرف داروهای گياهي به ترتيب شامل سرما خوردگي (1/29%)، تسکين درد شکم (4/17%) و تشديد القاء زايمان (7/11%) بود. در اين مطالعه افراد مختلف از 
55 گونه گياهي استفاده کرده بودند. شايع‌ترين گياه مورد استفاده گل گاو زبان بود. منبع اطلاعات آنان در اکثر موارد (2/74%) خويشاوندان گزارش شد. در اين بررسي افرادي که درآمد ماهيانة بيشتر از 000/500/1 ریال، 3-1 بارداري قبلي و سن بين 
29-20 سال داشتند بيشتر از داروهاي گياهي استفاده کرده بودند؛ اما اين ارتباط از نظر آماري معني‌دار نبود. بين ميزان تحصيلات و مصرف گياهان دارويي ارتباط آماري معني‌دار وجود داشت (004/=p).
نتيجه‌گيري: استفاده گسترده از داروهاي گياهي طي بارداري نياز به آموزش کارکنان مراکز بهداشتي‌ـ درماني در اينگونه موارد را آشکار مي‌سازد و از آنجا که مستندات کافي مبني بر سالم بودن تمامي داروهاي گياهي طي بارداري وجود ندارد، فراهم‌كنندگان مراقبت‌هاي دوران بارداري بايد به مادران توصيه نمايند با مصرف گياهان دارويي خود و جنين را در معرض خطرات احتمالي قرار ندهند.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Researchers have shown that herbal medicines are used by a large portion of pregnant women. Herbs are generally perceived as safe, harmless and free from side-effect but there have been reports on side-effects in pregnant mothers and their fetuses as well as on drug interactions. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of the use of herbal medi-cines among pregnant women referring to health care centers in Shahr-e-Kord. 
Materials &amp; Methods: In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, 447 pregnant women, referring to health care centers and Hajar Hospital in Shahr-e-Kord, were interviewed while employing a structured questionnaire. The cases were chosen by simple random sampling. For the data analysis, student t-test and 2 were used.
Results: In all, 51.9% of the pregnant women reported the use of herbal medicines during pregnancy. 91.7% of the women, had a positive attitude toward the use of herbal medicines during pregnancy, but 15% believed that the use of herbal medicines in pregnancy was unsafe. Among respondents, 55.9% had not reported the use of herbs to their physicians and the most common reasons for nondisclosure were the belief that herbal medicines were natural and safe (39.1%) and that doctors never asked about them (34.8%). The most commonly reported uses of herbs were for common cold (29.1%), abdominal pain (17.4%) and induction of labor (11.7&amp;). Anchusa officinalis was the most commonly used herb among 55 other species of herbs. 74.2% of medicinal herb consumers cited family and relatives as their main source of information on the herbs. Factors associated with the use of herbal medicines in pregnancy were number of parities 1-3, monthly income more than 1,500,000 Rials and age 20-29, but none were statistically significant. There were significantly lower frequencies of herbal use in pregnancy among women with academic education (p=.004).
Conclusion: The widespread use of herbal medications and the positive attitude toward them during pregnancy, indicates an increased need to educate health-care providers on these issues to advise women not to expose themselves and their fetuses to the probable risks of herbal preparations.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>125</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>132</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Manizheh</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Sereshty</Family>
<NameE>منیژه</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>سرشتی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing &amp;amp; Midwifery, Shahrekord University of Medical Science &amp;amp; Health Services</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Shahrekord University of Medical Science &amp; Health Services</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>m_sereshti@yahoo.com</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Pouran</Name>
<MidName>P</MidName>
<Family>Azari</Family>
<NameE> پوران</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>آذری</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Medicine &amp;amp; Surgery, Faculty of Nursing &amp;amp; Midwifery, Shahr-e-Kord University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Medicine &amp; Surgery, Faculty of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Shahr-e-Kord University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mahmoud</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Rafiean</Family>
<NameE>محمود</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>رفیعیان</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahr-e-Kord University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahr-e-Kord University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Soleiman</Name>
<MidName>S</MidName>
<Family>Kheiri</Family>
<NameE>سلیمان</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>خیری</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Statistic&amp;amp; Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Science</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Statistic&amp; Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Science</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Pregnancy</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Pregnant women</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Herbal medicine</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Side-effect</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Self treatment</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Traditional medicine</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>231.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>ولنه ژان. گیاه درمانی، درمان بیماریها توسط گیاهان. مترجم: امامی احمد، شمس‌اردکانی محمدرضا، نکوئی‌نائینی نسیم، راه ‌کمال (1381)، جلد اول، صفحه:11##صدیقی ژیلا، سیفتون فرزانه، ضیایی سیدعلی. طب گیاهی، بینش و عملکرد در جمعیت شهر تهران. فصلنامه گیاهان دارویی. سال 4 (1383)، شماره 13، صفحات: 67-60##آئینه چی یعقوب. مفردات گیاهان پزشکی و گیاهان دارویی ایران. دانشگاه تهران (1365)، صفحه: 1008##Montbriand M.J. Herbs or natural products that may cause cancer and harm part four of a four-part series. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2005;32(1):E20-9. Review##Tesch B.J. Herbs commonly used by women: an evidence-based review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 188(5 Suppl):S44-55##Strandberg T.E., Jarvenpaa A.L., Vanhanen H., McKei-gue P.M. Birth outcome in relation to licorice con-sumption during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol. 2001; 153(11):1085-##Veale D.J., Oliver D.W., Havlik I. The effects of herbal oxytocics on the isolated &quot;stripped&quot; myometrium model. Life Sci. 2000;67(11):1381-8##Ernst E. Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? BJOG. 2002;109(3):227-35.Review##Born D., Barron M.L. Herb use in pregnancy: what nurses should know. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2005;30(3):201-6;quiz 207-8##Leung K.Y., Lee Y.P., Chan H.Y., Lee C.P., Tang M. H. Are herbal medicinal products less teratogenic than Western pharmaceutical products. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2002;23(12):1169-72##آخوندزاده شاهین، دلیری همپا علی. کاربرد گیاهان دارویی در اختلالات خواب. گیاهان دارویی. سال 3 (1382)، شماره 9، صفحات: 83-75##Donald M., Wayne R. Do no harm: Avoidance of her-bal medicines during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1119-1122##Planta M., Gundersen B., Petitt J.C. Prevalence of the use of herbal products in a low-income population. Fam Med. 2000;32(4):252-257##yankowitz J., Niebal J.R. Drug Therapy in pregnancy: Gayle L.O. Complementary and Alternative Therapy during pregnancy. 3thEdition, Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. 1998;pp:297-308##Nordeng H., Havenen G.C. Impact of socio- demogra-phic factors, knowledge and attitude of the use of herbal drugs in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005;84(1):26-33##Hepner D.C., Harnett M., Segal S., et al. Herbal medi-cine use in parturients. Anesth Analg.2002;94:690-693##Saxena R.C. Drug reaction with herbal drug. Indian J Pharmac. 1985;17(3):165-169##Miler G.L. Herbal medicinal: selected clinical consi-derations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-11##O&#39;Malley P., Trimble N., Browning M. Are herbal therapies worth the risks? Nurse Pract. 2004;29(10):71-5. Review.##Taylor M. Complementary and alternative medicine in women&#39;s health: healing or hoax? Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005;60(11):697-9.##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>بررسي شيوع کم خوني فقر آهن در زنان باردار مراجعه‌كننده به مراكز بهداشتي‌ـ درماني زاهدان</TitleF>
    <TitleE>The prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in the pregnant women referring to health centers in Zahedan</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: آنمي يکي از شايع‌ترين و فراموش شده‌ترين کمبودهاي تغذيه‌اي در جهان امروزي است. بيش از نيمي از زنان باردار و يک سوم زنان غيرباردار در سنين باروري از آنمي رنج مي‌برند. اين مطالعه به منظور تعيين ميزان کم خوني فقر آهن در زنان باردار مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتي‌ـ درماني شهر زاهدان انجام شد.
روش بررسي: در اين پژوهش توصيفي‌ـ تحليلي 287 زن باردار از 5 مرکز بهداشتي‌ـ درماني که در ماه نهم بارداري بودند، شرکت داشتند. ابزار جمع‌آوري داده‌ها، پرسشنامه 17 سئوالي حاوي مشخصات فردي و اطلاعات مربوط به بارداري بود و هم زمان با آن ml7 خون نيز جهت تعيين هموگلوبين وفريتين گرفته شد. يافته‌ها استخراج شده و براي بررسي روابط بين متغيرها از آمون‌هاي آماري مجذور کاي و نيز ضريب همبستگي استفاده گرديد. سطح معني‌داري 05/0p&lt; در نظر گرفته شد.
نتايج: نشان داد که 9/12% زنان مورد مطالعه با شاخص هموگلوبين کمتر از g/dl5/10 و 2/42% آنان با شاخص فريتين کمتر از g/L12، از کم خوني فقر آهن رنج مي‌بردند. همچنين بين ميزان فريتين و مصرف آهن در دوران بارداري ارتباط معني‌دار آماري  وجود داشت (001/0=p).
نتيجه‌گيري: با توجه به شيوع بالاي آنمي فقر آهن در اين مطالعه و تأثير آن در تولد نوزادان کم وزن، زايمان زودرس، مرگ ومير جنين، خونريزي بعد از زايمان و زجر جنين، مراقبت‌هاي پيگيرانه و دقيق دوران بارداري، آموزش در اين زمينه به مادران باردار و تأمين کمبودهاي تغذيه‌اي ضروري است.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Nowadays, anemia is one of the most common but forgotten nutritional deficien-cies in the world. More than half of pregnant women and one third of non-pregnant women of fertile age are suffering from anemia. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in the pregnant women referring to Health Centers in Zahedan.
Materials &amp; Methods: In this descriptive study, 287 pregnant women who were at the 9th month of pregnancy and referred to 5 Health Centers in Zahedan participated in the study. Data was gathered by a 17-item questionnaire including demographic data and related information on pregnancy. To determine hemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin, a blood sample was taken form the subjects too. In order to examine the relationship among variables, 2 and correlational tests were used. An alpha level of &lt;0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The results showed that 12.9% of the subjects had iron deficiency anemia with Hb values under 10.5 g/dl and 42.2% of them had iron deficiency amenia with ferritin values under 12 mg/L. There was a significant statistical relationship between ferritin levels and iron con-sumption during pregnancy (p&lt;0.001). 
Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in this research, that will gives rise to LBW newborns, premature labors, fetal demise, post partum hemorrhage and fetal distress, it is necessary to offer unremitting and subtle care during pregnancy, teach preg-nant women on the subject and provide sufficient micro nutrients to them.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>132</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>139</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Ali</Name>
<MidName>A</MidName>
<Family>Navidian</Family>
<NameE>علی</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>نویدیان</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing &amp;amp; Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>alnavid2002@yahoo.com</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Ebrahim</Name>
<MidName>E</MidName>
<Family>Ebrahimi Tabas</Family>
<NameE>ابراهیم</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>ابراهیمی طبس</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing &amp;amp; Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Hamed</Name>
<MidName>H</MidName>
<Family>Sarani</Family>
<NameE>حامد</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>سارانی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing &amp;amp; Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mahnaz</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Ghalge</Family>
<NameE>مهناز</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>قلجه</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing &amp;amp; Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Fariba</Name>
<MidName>F</MidName>
<Family>Yaghobinia</Family>
<NameE>فریبا</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>یعقوبی نیا</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing &amp;amp; Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Pregnant women</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Pregnancy</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Iron deficiency anemia</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Hemoglobin</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Ferritin</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Prenatal care</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>232.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>ویلسون رابرت و همکاران. مامایی و بیماری‌های زنان. ترجمه داریوش کاظمی. تهران: انتشارات پژوه (1371)، صفحات 3-241##Rasmussen K.M., Stoltzfus R.J.New evidence that iron supplementation during pregnancy improves birth weight: new scientific questions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(4):673-674##صلاح‌زهی هدایت اله. خجسته  فرنوش. پرستاری و بهداشت مادران و نوزادان. تهران: انتشارات گلبان (1379)، صفحات 55-56##Rasmussen K.M. Deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia and weight at birth, length of gestation and perinatal mortality. J Nutri. 2001;131:590-603##Bondevik  G.T., Lie R.T., Ulstein M., Kvale G. Mater-nal hematological status and risk of low birth weight and preterm delivery in Nepal. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80(5):402-8##ذوالفقاری میترا. اسدی نوقابی احمد علی. پرستاری و بهداشت مادران و نوزادان. تهران: نشر بشری (1384)، صفحات: 73-74##کانینگهام گاری و دیگران. بارداری و زایمان ویلیامز جلد سوم. ترجمه بهرام قاضی جهانی و همکاران. تهران: انتشارات گلبان (1381) صفحات: 1302 تا 1305##کانینگهام گاری و دیگران. بارداری و زایمان ویلیامز جلد اول. ترجمه بهرام قاضی جهانی و همکاران. تهران: انتشارات گلبان (1384) صفحات: 154-155##- رهبر ناهید، قربانی راهب، خان سلطانی سحر. بررسی شیوع آنمی و برخی عوامل فردی مرتبط با آن در سه ماهه سوم بارداری در زنان مراجعه کننده به درمانگاه‌های تابع دانشگاه علـوم پزشکـی در شهر سمنان. مجله علمی پژوهشی کومش، دوره 1، شماره4، تابستان ( 1379) صفحات: 31 تا 36##Bondevik G.T., Ulstein M., Lie R.T., Rana G., Kvale G. The prevalence of anemia in pregnant Nepali women: A study in Kathmandu. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;79(5):341##Hinderaker S.G., Olsen B.E., Bergsj P., Lie R.T., Gasheka P., Kvale G. Anemia in pregnancy in the highlands of Tanzania. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80(1):18##Ronnenberg A.G., Wood R.J., Wang X., Xing H., Chen C., Chen D., et. al. Preconception hemoglobin and ferritin concentration are associated with pregnan-cy outcome in a prospective cohort of chinese women. J Nutr. 2004;134:2586-2591##حلم سرشت پریوش. دل پیشه اسماعیل. پرستاری و بهداشت مادر و کودک. تهران: انتشارات چهر (1379)، صفحات: 75-76##Breymann C.Iron deficiency and anemia in pregnancy: Modern aspects of diagnosis and therapy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005;123(2):3-13##مشفقی کامران، یزدانی زهرا، فراهانی حیدر. گزارش نهایی طرح پژوهشی بررسی میزان شیوع آنمی فقرآهن در زنان 15 تا 45 ساله. دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اراک. معاونت پژوهشی (1374)##شیخ الاسلامی همایون، کبیری محمد. گزارش نهایی طرح پژوهشی بررسی میزان شیوع آنمی فقرآهن در زنان 15 تا 45 ساله. دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قزوین. معاونت پژوهشی (1377)##Becerra C., Conzales G.F., Villena A., Delacruz D., Florian A. Prevalence  of anemia in pregnancy: Pucall-pa Regional Hospital. Peru Rev Panam Salud Publica. 1998;3(5):285-92##Gutierrez R.M., Ortiz B.B., Amancio C. Prevalencia of anemia in an urban population. Rev Med Hosp Gen Mex. 1997;60(1):20-25##Marti C.A., Pena M.G., Comunian G., Munoz S. Pre-valence of anemia during pregnancy: results of Valen-cia (Venezuela) anemia during pregnancy study. Arch Latino Nutr. 2002;52(1):5-11##Bayoumeu F., Subirian C., Baka N.E., Legagneur H., Monnier P., Laxenaire M.C. Iron therapy in iron defi-ciency anemia in pregnancy: Intravenous route varsus oral route. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:518-22##Sharma D.C., Pendse V., Sahav K., Soni B.L. The changiny pattern of maternal and neonatal anemia at Udaipur during 2 decades in relation to poverty, parity, prematurity and vegetarianism. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991;17(1):13-7##ستوده گیتی و دیگران. میزان آگاهی و نحوه عملکرد دختران در مورد آهن غذایی در دبیرستان‌های منطقه 6 تهران. فصلنامه پژوهشکده علوم بهداشتی جهاد دانشگاهی (پایش) سال چهارم (1384)، شماره چهار، صفحات: 253-247##Scholl T.O. Iron status during pregnancy: Setting the stage for mother and infant. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81 (5):1218-1222##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>ديدگاه زنان نابارور در مورد اهداء گامت: يك مطالعه موردي در تهران</TitleF>
    <TitleE>Attitudes of infertile women towards gamete donation: a case study in Tehran</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: به‌طور متوسط حدود 15-10% از زوجين در ايران مبتلا به مشكل ناباروري مي‌باشند. در دو دهه اخير موفقيت‌هاي قابل توجهي در زمينه فن‌آوري‌هاي نوين كمك باروري حاصل شده است و زوجين نابارور نيز با محدوديت قانوني براي استفاده از اين فن‌آوريها روبرو نمي‌باشند. با اين‌حال، همه زوجين نابارور از روش‌هاي جديد استفاده نمي‌كنند و تصميم‌گيري در مورد آن متأثر از درك آنها و نيز انتظارات و نگرش جامعه نسبت به استفاده از اين فن‌آوريها است. از اينرو، ارائه شناخت عميق‌تري از درك و نگرش زوجين نابارور مي‌تواند جنبه‌هاي اجتماعي‌ـ فرهنگي تصميم‌گيري زوجين نابارور در استفاده از اين فن‌آوري‌‌هاي مدرن را روشن سازد. 
روش‏ بررسي: هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسي ديدگاه زنان نابارور در تهران پيرامون اهداء تخمك و جنين در درمان ناباروري بود. داده‌هاي مورد نياز براي مطالعه حاضر با استفاده از روش‌هاي کيفي و بكارگيري مصاحبه عميق با 30 زن نابارور در تهران جمع‌آوري گرديد. نيمي از پاسخگويان را زناني تشكيل دادند كه به مركز درماني ابن‌سينا مراجعه نموده بودند و نيمي ديگر نيز به‌صورت تصادفي از پنج مركز بهداشت تابعه دانشگاه علوم پزشكي شهيد بهشتي تهران انتخاب شدند. داده‌هاي مورد مطالعه طي مدت سه ماه در تابستان 1384 جمع‌آوري گرديدند.
نتايج: نتايج اين مطالعه بيانگر تفاوت ديدگاه زنان مراجعه‌كننده به مركز درماني ابن‌سينا با ساير پاسخگويان در مراکز بهداشتي منطقه شهيد بهشتي بود. تمام پاسخگويان در مركز درماني ابن‌سينا با اهداء تخمك آشنايي داشتند و آن را يك اقدام پزشكي و روش درماني مانند ساير روشها مي‌دانستند. همچنين اعتقادات مذهبي آنها بر انتخاب و پذيرش اين شيوه درمان تأثيري نداشت؛ در حاليكه ساير پاسخگويان در زمينه اهداء تخمك و جنين و نظر علماي مذهبي در اين مورد اطلاعات ناچيزي داشته، اكثر آنها آنرا حرام و يا خلاف شرع مي‌دانستند. در مجموع، تمامي زنان نابارور از افشاء شدن روش درماني آنها و اينكه ديگران فرزند آنها را به عنوان فرزند بيولوژيكي نپذيرند، ترس و نگراني داشتند.
نتيجه‌گيري: ارائه اطلاعات صحيح در زمينه روش‌هاي درماني، قوانين و احكام شرعي مرتبط با آن، ضمن افزايش آگاهي‌هاي عمومي، بر تغيير نگرش‌هاي كليشه‌اي افراد در مورد ناباروري و تصميم‌گيري زوجين نابارور به استفاده از اهداء گامت و جنين در درمان ناباروري، مؤثر است.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: On average, around 10-15 percent of couples in Iran are infertile. There have been major achievements in the area of modern technologies on infertility treatment and infertile couples have no obstacles or legal barriers to use these technologies in Iran. However, not all infertile couples are using modern technologies in Iran, and their decision making to use these technologies is influenced by their perceptions as well as societal expectations and attitudes. A deeper understanding of the perceptions and attitudes of infertile couples would shed light on socio-cultural aspects of their decision making in using these modern technologies. The main objective of the present paper was to study the attitudes of infertile women on gamete and embryo donation for infertility treatment in Tehran.
Materials &amp; Methods: The data were collected from thirty women by using qualitative methods and in-depth interviews. Fifty percent of the respondents were selected from women visiting Avesina Infertility Clinic in Tehran and the rest were randomly selected from infertile women referring to five Health Centers of Shahid Beheshti Health Deputy in Tehran. The data for this study was collected during July and September 2005.   
Results: The results of this study indicate that, there is a difference between the attitudes of respondents from Avesina Infertility Clinic (AIC) and their counterparts from Shahid Beheshti Health Centers. All respondents from AIC were familiar with gamete donation and believed that it was a medical step towards treatment of infertility, and their religious beliefs did not contradict their decision. However, the respondents from Shahid Beheshti Health Centers did not have any information regarding religious leaders&#39; attitudes towards those methods, and the majority of them considered those methods as forbidden or illegal. In addition, the infertile women in the study were afraid of their treatment not kept confidential and that other people would not consider their child as their biological offspring. 
Conclusion: Providing appropriate information related to new treatment methods, laws, and religious edicts not only will increase public awareness but also will change individuals&#39; stereo-typical views on infertility, thus promote infertile couples&#39; decision making on the use of gamete and embryo donation for infertility treatment.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>139</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>149</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohammad Jalal</Name>
<MidName>MJ</MidName>
<Family>Abbasi-Shavazi</Family>
<NameE>محمد جلال</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>عباسی شوازی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of  Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tehran University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of  Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tehran University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>mabbasi@ut.ac.ir</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Hajieh Bibi</Name>
<MidName>HB</MidName>
<Family>Razeghi Nasrabad</Family>
<NameE>حجیه بی‬بی</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>رازقی نصرآباد</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of  Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tehran University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of  Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tehran University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Zohreh</Name>
<MidName>Z</MidName>
<Family>Behjati Ardakani</Family>
<NameE></NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE></FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohammad Mehdi</Name>
<MidName>MM</MidName>
<Family>Akhondi</Family>
<NameE>محمدمهدی</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>آخوندی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Infertility</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Gamete donation</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Embryo donation</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Health centers</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Qualitative method</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>In-depth interview</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>233.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>Evens E.M. A global perspective on infertility: an under recognized public health issue. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 2004;18##Lunenfeld B., Steirteghem A.V. Infertility in the third millennium; Implications for the individual, family and society. Hum Reprod Update. 2004;10(4): 317-325##Larsen U. Primary and secondary infertility in sub-saharan Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29(2):285-291##ساروخانی باقر. مقدمه‌ای بر جامعه‌شناسی خانواده. تهران: سروش (1376)، صفحات: 68##Molock S.D. Racial, cultural and religious issues in infertility counseling. The Parthenon Publishing Group International Publishers in Medicines Science, Technology New York. 2000:249-265##Inhorn M.C. Local babies, global science: gender, religion and In Vitro fertilization in Egypt. New York: Routledge. 2003b##Duniluk J.C., Leader A., Taylor P.L. Psychological and relationship changes for counseling. Br J Guid Counc. 1987;15:29-36##Inhorn M.C. The worms are weak: Male infertility and patriarchal paradoxes in Egypt. Special issue on Islamic Masculinities men and masculinities. Men Mascul. 2003a; 5(3):238-258##عباسی شوازی محمد جلال، کاربرد تحقیقات کیفی در جمعیت‌شناسی، گزارش منتشر نشده، گروه جمعیت‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران 1385##Boge D. Role of the qualitative method in demographic research. In Boge D., Arriage E., Anderton D (Editors). Readings in population research methodology. UNFPA New York. 1983;Vol:6,Chap:24;pp:2-7##Creswell J.N. Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 1988##Van Baleen F., Inhorn M.C.  Introduction: interpreting Infertility-a View from the Social Sciences. Inhorn M., Van Balen F., (Editors). Infertility around the Globe: New Thinking on Childlessness, Gender, and Repro-ductive Technologies. University of California Press. 2002:3-32##Inhorn M.C. Middle eastern masculinity in age of new reproductive technology: male infertility and stigma in Egypt and Lebanon. Med Anthropol Q. 2004;18(2): 162-182##گولوبوک سوزان، رابین فی‌وش رشد‏ جنسیت. ترجمه مهرناز شهرآرای، تهران: ققنوس (1377)، صفحه 173##رازقی نصرآباد حجیه بی‌بی. جنبه‌های اجتماعی‌ـ فرهنگی و جمعیتی ناباروری: مطالعه موردی در تهران. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد جمعیت‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، تهران (1384)، صفحات: 102-85##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>عوامل تعيين كننده‌ مصرف صحیح قرص‌های ضد بارداری در زنان شهري و روستايي ايران</TitleF>
    <TitleE>Predictors of the correct use of contraceptive pills among urban and rural Iranian females</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمینه و هدف: كنترل رشد جمعيت يكي از مهمترين اولويت‌هاي بهداشتي كشورهاي در حال توسعه و از جمله ایران است. استفاده صحیح از قرص‌های ضد بارداری می‌تواند نقش مؤثری را در این زمینه ایفا نماید. از همین رو در پژوهش حاضر با بهره‌گیری از طراحی بوم‌شناسی براي به دست آوردن تعيين كننده‌هاي نسبت مصرف صحیح قرص‌های ضدبارداری در زنان شهري و روستايي ايران استفاده شده است.
روش بررسی: در اين مطالعه داده‌ها از بررسي ويژگي‌هاي بهداشتي و جمعيتي ایران كه در سال 1379 در سطح استان‌هاي كشور و به تفكيك جمعيت شهري و روستايي انجام شده بود اقتباس گرديد. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماري SPSS (ويرايش13) و با روش آماري رگرسيون لجستیک چند متغيره به تفکیک شهر و روستا مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت که علاوه بر برآورد نسبت شانس، اندازه اطمینان 95% آن نیز گزارش شد. در اين روش آماری نسبت استفاده صحیح از قرص‌های ضد بارداری به عنوان متغير وابسته در نظر گرفته شد و ميزان تاثير پنج متغير مستقل بر آن سنجيده شد: 1ـ نسبت زنانی که به هنگام دریافت قرص‌های ضد بارداری آموزش چگونگی استفاده از آن را دیده‌اند، 2ـ ميانگين سن ازدواج در زنان، 3ـ نسبت بي‌سوادي در زنان متاهل سنين 49-10 سال، 4ـ نسبت مهاجرت در زنان متاهل سنين 49-10 سال، 5ـ نسبت اشتغال در زنان متاهل سنين 49-10 سال.
نتایج: نتايج اين بررسي نشان داد كه در جمعيت شهري و روستایی، تنها یک متغير مستقل، يعني نسبت زنانی که به هنگام دریافت قرص‌های ضد بارداری آموزش چگونگی استفاده از آن را دیده‌اند مي‌تواند پيش‌بيني كننده تغييرات نسبت استفاده صحیح از قرص‌های پيشگيري از بارداری باشد.
نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر مي‌رسد در سطح استان‌های ايران، هر برنامه آموزشی كه در زمينه چگونگی استفاده صحیح 
از قرص‌های پيشگيري از بارداري در بين زنان متاهل سنين 49-10 سال انجام شود، بیشتر از سایر متغیرهای 
مورد بررسی اثرات مثبتي را در زمينه افزایش نسبت استفاده صحیح از قرص‌های پيشگيري از بارداری به همراه خواهد داشت.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Human population growth control is one of the most important health priorities in developing countries, including Iran. The correct use of contraceptive pills can play an important role in family planning programs. Therefore, the present study with an ecological design looked at the predictors of the correct use of contraceptive pills among urban and rural Iranian females.
Materials &amp; Methods: This study uses data from the Iranian nationwide Demographic Health Survey (DHS), which took place in both urban and rural communities in the year 2000. The data for urban and rural populations were analyzed separately, employing SPSS (Version 13) to design a multivariate logistic regression model which reports both odds ratio and 95% confi-dence intervals. In this method the proportion of the correct use of contraceptive pills among females has been considered as a single dependent variable and the effects of five independent variables, that follow, have been determined on it. 1- The proportion of females who have been taught to use contraceptive pills correctly. 2- Mean age of marriage in these females. 3- The proportion of illiteracy among married females, aged 10-49. 4- The proportion of immigration among married females, aged 10-49. 5- The proportion of employment among married females, aged 10-49.
Results: The findings of this survey reveal that in both Iranian urban and rural populations, only one of the independent variables _ i.e. the proportion of females who have been taught to use contraceptive pills correctly _ can predict the variations of the correct use of the contraceptive pills among females. 
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that any educational program aiming to increase the knowledge of Iranian females on the correct use of contraceptive pills, will be more effective than the other variables under study.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>149</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>156</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohsen</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Rezaieaan</Family>
<NameE>محسن</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>رضائیان</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>moeygmr2@yahoo.co.uk</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Family planning</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Contraceptive pills</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Health promotion</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Ecological study</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Iran</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>234.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>World Health Organization. Selected practice recom-mendations for contraceptive use. Geneva, 2005##Benagiano G. Introduction: enhancing oral contracep-tive compliance and efficacy. Adv Contracep.1992;8: 1-3##Oakley D., Sereika S., Bogue E.L. Oral contraceptive pill use after an initial visit family to a family planning clinic. Fam Plann Perspect. 1991;23: 150-154##Chacko M.R., Kozinetz C.A., Smith P.B. Assesment of oral contraceptive pill continuation in young women. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 1999;12:143-148##Trottier D.A., Potter L.S., Taylor B.A., Glover L.H User characteristics and oral contraceptive compliance in Egypt. Fam Plann Perspect. 1994;25:284-292##Asaduzzaman Khan M., Trottier D.A., Ataharul Islam M. Inconsistent use of oral contraceptives in rural Bangladesh. Contraception. 2002;65:429-433##Kavari S.H., Keshtkaran  A. The survey of effective factors on different practical failure methods of family planning in women referred to health centers. Middle East J Fam Med. 2005;3(2)1-5##Rosenberg M.J., Waugh M.S. Oral contraceptive dis-continuation: A prospective evaluation of frequency and reasons. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:577-582##Lawson A.B., Bohning D., Biggeri A., Lesaffre E., Viel J.F. Disease mapping and its uses. Disease mapping and risk assessment for public health. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. 1999;p:4##Coggn D., Geoffrey R., Barker D.J.P. Epidemiology for the Uninitiated. England: BMJ Publishing Group. 2003;pp:39-41##- سیمای جمعیت و سلامت در جمهوری اسلامی ایران (مهر ماه 1379). دفتر سلامت خانواده و جمعیت، معاونت سلامت، صفحات: 113-1##Pereira-Maxwell F.A-Z of Medical Statistics.England: Arnold Publishers. 1998;p:38##- قاضی احمد. جمعیت‌شناسی تحلیلی و تنظیم خانواده. چاپ اول، ناشر سماط، 1379، صفحات:70-77##علی محمدزاده خلیل، فرزادی زهرا. درسنامه جامع جمعیت و تنظیم خانواده. چاپ اول، انتشارات فردوس، 1381، صفحات:75-70##Ghasuria N.D., Thakara P.H., Pandya P.S. Fertility trends in Gujarat. J Family Welfare. 1996;42(4):55-63##سهرابی ایوب. خانواده، جمعیت و تنظیم خانواده. چاپ دوم، نشر اختر، 1378، صفحات: 53-58##شجاعی حسین. عبادی فرد آذر فربد. جمعیت، تنظیم خانواده و بهداشت باروری. چاپ اول، انتشارات جهاددانشگاهی، 1377، صفحات:10-12##Morgenstern H. Uses of ecological analysis in epide-miologic research. Am J Public Health. 1982;72:1336-1343##Richardson S., Monfort C. Ecological correlation studies. Elliott P., Wakefield J.C., Best N.G., Briggs D.J. (Editors). Spatial epidemiology, methods and applications. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 2000; pp:205-220##Greenland S. Ecological versus ndividual-level sourc-es of bias in ecologic estimates of contextual health effects. Int J E pidemiol. 2001;30:1343-1350##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>گزارش يك مورد كيست تخمداني جنين در هفته 37 بارداري</TitleF>
    <TitleE>Fetal ovarian cyst in the 37th week of pregnancy: a case report</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: پاتوژنز ايجاد كيست‌هاي تخمداني در جنين، كه توده‌هاي شكمي نادري مي‌باشند، ناشناخته است. اين كيستها به طور تصادفي در حين سونوگرافي تشخيص داده مي‌شوند. كيست‌هاي تخمداني جنيني، مستعد پارگي و يا چرخش هستند كه ممكن است منجر به از دست دادن تخمدان شود؛ لذا تشخيص، پيگيري و درمان مناسب موجب كاهش عوارض حاد و طولاني‌مدت آنها خواهد شد.
معرفي مورد: مورد، جنين خانمي 26 ساله در بارداري اول، مقيم شهر بابل و مراجعه كننده به بيمارستان شهيد يحيي نژاد بابل در سال 1384 بود. در سونوگرافي انجام شده در هفته 37 بارداري، كيست تخمدان يك‌ طرفه جنيني با نماي ساده به قطر mm30 تشخيص داده مي‌شد. يك هفته بعد از تشخيص، مادر باردار به علت زجر جنيني 
تحت عمل سزارين قرار گرفت. نوزاد پس از تولد تحت نظر قرار گرفته و 45 روز پس از زايمان، كيست تخمدان برطرف مي‌شد.
نتيجه‌گيري: در كيست‌هاي تخمداني جنيني، مي‌توان با درمان نگهدارنده نيز نتايج مطلوبي را انتظار داشت؛ كه با كاهش تحريكات هورموني پس از زايمان، بهبودي خودبخود حاصل خواهد شد. درمان جراحي در صورت ايجاد عوارضي مانند چرخش يا پارگي كيست انجام مي‌شود.</CONTENT>
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        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Fetal ovarian cysts are rare abdominal tumors with unknown pathogenesis. They may be diagnosed accidentally during ultrasonography. Fetal ovarian cysts pose the risk of rupture or torsion with subsequent loss of the affected ovary. Diagnosis and appropriate management reduce acute and long-term complications.
Case Report: The case was the fetus of a 26 year old primigravida in the 37th week of gesta-tion in Babol in 2005. A unilateral fetal simple ovarian cyst with a diameter of 30 mm was diagnosed during ultrasonography. The case was delivered by cesarean section due to fetal distress a week later. The neonate was followed up  after birth  and the cyst was spontaneous-ly disappeared after 45 days.
Conclusion: In fetal ovarian cysts, there may be good outcomes following conservative man-agement. After delivery, decrease of hormonal stimulation may lead to the spontaneous reso-lution of ovarian cysts. Surgical procedures are performed if complications such as  trosion or rupture of the cyst develop.</CONTENT>
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    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Zahra</Name>
<MidName>Z</MidName>
<Family>Basirat</Family>
<NameE>زهرا</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>بصیرت</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Obstetrics &amp;amp; Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>zahra_basirat@yahoo.com</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mehdi</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Nejadgholi</Family>
<NameE>مهدی</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>نژاد‌قلی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization></Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University></University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country></Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Fetal ovarian cyst</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Sonography</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Pregnancy</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Abdominal mass</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Abdominal tumors</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Ovarian torsion</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Cyst rupture</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>235.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
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