بررسي ارتباط پلي مورفيسم ژن گيرنده استروژن آلفا با پاسخ تخمدان به تحريك تخمك گذاري در زنان تحت درمان IVF The relationship between estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphism and ovarian response to ovulation induction in women under IVF treatment 2 1 زمينه و هدف: استروژن به عنوان يكي از مهمترين هورمون‌هاي جنسي زنانه در سيكل باروري نقش مهمي داشته و فعاليت آن در بافت‌هاي هدف از طريق گيرنده‌هاي استروژن تنظيم مي‌شود. انواع مختلفي از پلي‌مورفيسم‌ ژن گيرنده استروژن آلفا در رابطه با وضعيت‌هاي متعدد پاتولوژيك شناسايي شده‌ است. در اين تحقيق فرضيه ارتباط پلي‌مورفيسم ژن گيرنده استروژن آلفا با پاسخ تخمدان به تحريك تخمك‌گذاري در زنان نابارور تحت درمان IVF مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. روش بررسي: انواع ژنوتيپ ژن گيرنده استروژن آلفا در 102 زن نابارور كانديداي IVF‌ شناسايي و ارتباط آن با فاكتورهاي مشخص‌كننده پاسخ تخمدان به تحريك تخمك‌گذاري مانند ميانگين تعداد فوليكول و تخمك، نسبت فوليكول به تخمك، ميزان استروژن سرم و همچنين تعداد جنين‌هاي بدست آمده سنجيده شد. در هر بيمار براي ژن گيرنده استروژن آلفا، ژنوتيپ‌هاي PP، Ppوpp با استفاده از تكنيك PCR-RFLP مشخص گرديد و تحليل آماري با استفاده از آزمون 2 ، كروسكال واليس و من‌ويتني با نرم افزار SPSS ويرايش 13 انجام شد. 05/0p< به عنوان سطح معني‌داري تلقي شد. نتايج: براساس نتايج اين مطالعه 4/31% افراد داراي پلي‌مورفيسم pp، 2/39% پلي‌مورفيسم Pp و 4/29% داراي پلي‌مورفيسم PP بودند. درصد علل ناباروري زنانه و مردانه، ميانگين تعداد فوليكولها، تخمكها و جنينها در سه نوع پلي مورفيسم از نظر آماري تفاوت معني‌داري نداشت. نتيجه‌گيري: بررسي نقش ژن‌هاي مختلف در پاسخ بدن به داروهاي گوناگون (فارماكوژنتيك) اهميت زيادي در تعيين روش‌هاي درماني مناسب دارد. اين تحقيق اهميت يكي از ژن‌هاي مؤثر در پاسخ تخمدان به تحريك تخمك‌گذاري در سيكل‌هاي IVF را نشان داد؛ اما با توجه به نقش انواع فاكتورهاي آندوكرين و پاراكرين در تحريك تخمك‌گذاري و بلوغ مناسب تخمك به مطالعات بيشتري جهت يافتن اهميت ديگر ژن‌هاي مؤثر در تخمدان و همچنين بررسي جهش‌هاي ديگر در ژن گيرنده استروژن و تعيين شيوع پلي‌مورفيسم آن در جمعيت خانم‌هاي بارور نياز است. 2 Introduction: Estrogen, as one of the most important female hormones, plays an essential role in fertility cycle and its receptors mediate estrogen actions in target tissues. Several polymer-phisms of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha gene have been associated with different pathological conditions. In this study, the hypothesis that polymorphisms in ER alpha gene in women may be associated with their ovarian response to ovulation stimulation during in-vitro fertilization (IVF) was evaluated. Materials & Methods: The prevalence of PvuII polymorphism of ER alpha gene in 102 infertile women undergoing IVF treatment was evaluated and its relationship to the mean number of follicles and oocytes, follicles to oocytes ratios, mean serum estrogen concent-rations, the number of obtained embryos and pregnancy rates was determined. In each patient PP, Pp, or pp genotypes were identified by using PCR-RLFP technique. Statistical analysis was done through χ², Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney by using SPSS software, version 13. P-values smaller than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Based on the results of the study, 31.4% of the patients showed pp, 39.2% Pp and 29.4% PP genotypes. The percentages of male and female infertility etiologies, mean number of follicles, oocytes, and embryos in all three groups had no significant differences. Conclusion: Investigating the role of different genes in response to different medications (Pharmacogenetics) is very important in choosing proper treatment methods. This study indi-cated the importance of one of the genes effective in ovarian response to ovulation induction in IVF treatments, but noticing the role of different endocrine and paracrine factors in ovulation induction and proper oocyte maturation, further studies are needed to find the importance of other effective genes in ovaries and to determine other ER mutations and prevalence of ER polymorphism in the fertile women's population. 315 324 Mohammad Hasan MH Sheikhha محمد حسن شیخها Department of Genetics, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Department of Genetics, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Iran sheikhha@yahoo.com Seyyed Mehdi SM Kalantar سید مهدی کلانتر Department of Genetics, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Department of Genetics, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Iran Abbas A Aflatoonian عباس افلاطونیان Department of Obstet . and Gynecol Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd Shahid Sadooghi University of Medical Sciences Department of Obstet . and Gynecol Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd Shahid Sadooghi University of Medical Sciences Iran Estrogen receptor geneGene polymorphismInfertilityIVFOvulation inductionOocyteEmbryoEmbryo transfer 252.pdf Berek JS. 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بررسی ارتباط پلی‌مورفیسم ژن‌های ACE، PAI-1 و فاکتور انعقادی 13 در سقط مکرر در بيماران ایرانی Association of ACE, PAI-1 and coagulation factor XIII gene polymorphisms with recurrent spontaneous abortion in Iranian patients 2 1 زمينه و هدف: با توجه به شیوع حدود 5% سقط در زنان، اثرات مخرب روانی سقط بر زندگی خانوادگی افراد و اینکه علت بخشي از این سقطها مشکلات انعقادی است،در اين مطالعه پلی‌مورفیسم ژن‌هاي مهاركننده فعال‌كننده پلاسمينوژن‌ـ1 (PAI-1)، آنزيم تبديل‌كننده آنژيوتانسين (ACE) و فاكتور انعقادي 13 (FXIII) مورد بررسي قرار گرفت و ارتباط آن با سقط خودبه‌خودي در بيماران ايراني و گروه‌ كنترل سالم ارزيابي شد. روش بررسي: 120بيمار با سابقه سقط (حداقل دو بار) به عنوان گروه بیمار و 112 خانم سالم بدون سابقة سقط به عنوان گروه كنترل مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. براي بررسي پلي‌مورفيسم‌هاي (4G/5G) PAI-1 و (D/I) ACE و (Val 34 Leu) FXIII، واكنش زنجيرة پلي‌مراز همراه با استفاده از آنزيم‌هاي محدودکننده (PCR-RFLP) طراحي شد. به منظور تجزيه و تحليل آماري از نرم افزار SPSS ويرايش 2/11 و از آزمون‌های t، 2 و آزمون دقيق فيشر استفاده شد. 05/0p< به عنوان سطح معني‌داري در نظر گرفته شد. نتايج: از مجموع 120 بيمار مورد بررسي 16 نفر (4/14%) براي ژن PAI-1 هموزيگوت (4G/4G) بودند كه در گروه كنترل فقط 2 نفر (2%) وضعيت مشابهي داشتند (001/0p=) و احتمال سقط مكرر در بيماران هموزيگوت 4G بيشتر بود (نسبت خطر: 2/8 و5/36-8/1CI: 95%). تعداد 38 (5/29%) بيمار و 25 نفر (6/26%) از گروه كنترل براي پلي‌مورفيسم ACE هموزيگوت (D/D) بودند كه اختلاف از نظر آماري معني‌دار نبوده است. در اين مطالعه 2 بيمار و يك كنترل براي ژنوتيپ (34leu) پلي‌مورفيسم فاكتور 13 هموزيگوت بودند. نتيجه‌گيري: پلي‌مورفيسم (4G/4G)PAI-1 احتمالاً از طريق اختلال در سيستم انعقادي مي‌تواند باعث سقط جنين در اين افراد شود. بررسي وجود اين جهش همراه با ساير عوامل مشكوك مثل MTHFR، فاكتور 5 لايدن در بيماران مبتلا به سقط مكرر توصيه مي‌شود. 2 Introduction: Considering the 5% prevalence of abortion in women, its devastating psycholo-gical effects on affected people’s lives and as tendency for clotting is one of the causes of recur-rent spontaneous abortion (RSA), this study was designed to compare plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and blood coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) gene polymorphisms in Iranian patients with RSA and healthy women. Materials & Methods: 120 patients with recurrent abortions (at least two) as cases and 112 healthy female controls without a history of abortion were entered into the study. In order to characterize PAI-1 (4G/5G), ACE (D/I) and FXIII (Val 34 Leu) polymorphisms, a polymerase chain reaction followed by digestion with restriction enzymes (PCR-RFLP) was designed. For the statistical analysis, SPSS software version 11.2 was used and t-test, Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were calculated. P-values <0.05 were considered as significant. Results: Homozygosity for PAI-1 4G polymorphism was seen in 16 cases, (14.4%), in contrast to two persons in the control group (2%), (p = 0.001) and patients with homozygote 4G mutation were significantly more prone to RSA in contrast to others (OR: 8.2, % 95 CI: 1.8- 36.5). 38 patients, (29.5 %), and 25 people from the control group, (26.6%), were homozygote (D/D) for ACE polymorphism, depicting no statistically significant difference. Only two patients and one person from the control group had homozygosity (34leu) for FXIII polymorphism. Conclusion: 4G/4G polymorphism for PAI-1 gene could be a thrombophilic mutation leading to abortion. Analysis of this mutation and other suspected factors such as MTHFR and FV Leiden is recommended in patients with RSA. In this study, there were no significant associations between ACE and FXIII with RSA. 324 331 Haleh H Soltanghoraee هاله سلطان قرایی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran soltan@avicenna.ac.ir Taktom T Memariani تکتم معماریانی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Mahmood M Aarabi محمود اعرابی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Sedigheh S Hantoushzadeh صدیقه حنطوش‌زاده Faculty of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Soheila S Arefi سهیلا عارفی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Mohsen M Aarabi محسن اعرابی Academic Unit of clinical Pharmacology ,University of Sheffield Academic Unit of clinical Pharmacology ,University of Sheffield United Kingdom Mohammad Mehdi MM Akhondi محمدمهدی آخوندی Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Mohammad Hossein MH Modarresi محمدحسین مدرسی Faculty of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Recurrent spontaneous abortionThrombophiliaPlasminogen activator inhibitor-1Angiotensin converting enzymeCoagulation factor XIII 253.pdf Buchholz T, Lohse P, Rogenhofer N, Kosian E, Pihusch R, Thaler CJ. 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ارتباط اختلالات كروموزومي در تخمك‌‌هاي بارور نشده و هورمون‌هاي FSHو LH در سيكل‌هاي IVF The relationship between chromosomal abnormalities in unfertilized oocytes and female factors in IVF cycles 2 1 زمينه و هدف: امروزه تكنيك‌هاي كمكي توليدمثل (ART) مي‌تواند منجر به تولد نوزاد و كمك به حل مسأله ناباروري ‌گردد. به رغم بهره‌گرفتن از اين تكنيكها، در حدود 10 تا 15% از تخمكها بارور شده باقي مي‌‌مانند كه عدم موفقيت كامل لقاح (TFF) ناميده مي‌شود. اين مسأله باعث افزايش هزينه‌هاي زوج نابارور و اتلاف وقت تيم درماني ‌مي‌گردد. هدف اين مطالعه بررسي ارتباط بين اختلالات كروموزومي تخمك‌‌هاي نابارور و هورمون های زنانه FSH و LH مي‌باشد. روش بررسي: تخمك‌‌هاي بارورنشده پس از انجام سيكل‌هاي درماني IVF ، طبق روش Tarkowski براي مطالعات كروموزومي آماده شدند و بعد از رنگ‌آميزي با گيمسا مورد تجزيه و تحليل کروموزومی قرار گرفتند. براي سنجش هورمون های FSH و LH از تست ELISA استفاده گرديد. سپس نتايج با استفاده از آزمون 2 و ضريب همبستگي با استفاده از برنامه آماري SPSS بررسي شد. مقدار 05/0p< به عنوان سطح معني‌داري در نظر گرفته شد. نتايج: از مجموع 52 سيكل درماني تعداد 362 تخمك دريافت شد كه پس از انجام IVF تعداد 285 تخمك بارور گرديد و 77 تخمك بارور نشد. با توجه به حذف 26 عدد از تخمك‌هاي بارور شده تجزيه و تحلیل کروموزومی روي 51 تخمك انجام شد كه در 9 سيكل درماني 16 تخمك اختلال كروموزومي داشتند. بيشترين اختلالات مربوط به كروموزوم‌هاي گروه C و كمترين اختلالات مربوط به گروه G در دسته‌بندي استاندارد بود. ارتباط معني‌داري بين اختلالات كروموزومي، سطح FSH و LH (به ترتيب با ميانگين IU/L1/8 22/16 و IU/L 8/374/7)، سن و مدت زمان ناباروري بدست نيامد. نتيجه‌گيري: نتايج بدست آمده در اين تحقيق نشان مي‌دهد ارتباط معني‌داري بين اختلالات كروموزومي تخمك‌‌هاي نابارور و فاكتورهاي زنانه وجود ندارد. بنابراين به نظر مي‌رسد براي مشخص نمودن علت اصلي عدم موفقيت تخمكها در سيكل‌هاي ناباروري، در صورتيكه در سيكل خاصي اختلالات تخمكي يا هورمون زنانه مرتبط نباشد، ساير فاكتورهاي مرتبط از جمله عملكرد اسپرم در فرآيند لقاح بايد مدنظر قرار گيرد. 2 Introduction: Using Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) may result in the birth of a neonate and help solve the infertility problem. However, 10-15% of oocytes fail to fertilize and this is called a Total Fertilization Failure (TFF). This failure may impose financial burden on the infertile couples and be time consuming to IVF team. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between chromosomal abnormalities of unfertilized eggs and female hormones, FSH and LH. Materials & Methods: Unfertilized oocytes from IVF treatment cycles were prepared by Tar-kowski method for chromosomal studies and after staining by Giemsa method, they were chro-mosomally analyzed. For hormonal evaluations of FSH and LH, ELISA was used. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and correlation coefficient calculations through using SPSS software and p-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: From 52 treatment cycles, 362 oocytes were left for IVF from which 285 oocytes were fertilized and 77 oocytes were unfertilized. Considering the elimination of 26 fertilized oocytes chromosomal analyses were done on 51 ova and sixteen oocytes from nine treatment cycles had chromosomal abnormalities. Most abnormalities were in the C group and the minimum were observed in the G group of the standard classification of chromosomes. There were no significant relationships between chromosomal abnormalities and FSH, LH levels (with mean values of 16.228.1IU/L and 7.743.8IU/L respectively), age and duration of infertility. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that there were no relationships between chromo-somal abnormalities of oocytes and female factors. Therefore, it seems that for the identification of the main causes of TFF in infertility cycles, it is necessary to consider other related factors such as sperm function, when there is no oocyte or female hormone abnormalities. 331 338 Seyyed Mehdi SM Kalantar سید مهدی کلانتر Department of Reproduction & Genetics, Research & Clinical Center For Infertility, Yazd University of Medical Sciences & Health Services Department of Reproduction & Genetics, Research & Clinical Center For Infertility, Yazd University of Medical Sciences & Health Services Iran smkalantar@yahoo.com Ali Asghar AA Pilevarian علی‌اصغر پیله‌وریان Faculty of Sciences, Isfahan Payam Noor University Faculty of Sciences, Isfahan Payam Noor University Iran Seyyed Peyman SP Moghaddasi سید پیمان مقدسی Faculty of Sciences, Isfahan Payam Noor University Faculty of Sciences, Isfahan Payam Noor University Iran Chromosomal abnormalitiesFemale hormonesInfertilityIVFUnfertilized oocytes 254.pdf Edirisinghe WR, Murch AR, Yovich JL. 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مطالعه تاثیر فاکتورهای رشد TGF-β2 وBMP-2 بر تمایز سلول‌های بنیادی جنینی به کاردیومیوسیت Studying the effects of TGF-β2 and BMP-2 growth factors on differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes 2 1 زمينه و هدف: تحقیقات در زمینه سلول‌های بنیادی و كاربردهاي بالقوة آنها نویدی برای درمان بسياري از بیماری‌های صعب‌العلاج از جمله آسيب‌هاي قلب فراهم نموده است. در این رابطه تمایز هدايت شده و تحت كنترل سلول‌های بنیادی به سلول‌های میوکاردی در خارج از بدن و حتي در موضع بافت آسيب‌ديده حائر اهمیت است. با توجه به نقش دو فاکتور TGF-β2 وBMP-2 از خانواده بزرگ فاكتورهاي رشد TGF-β در رشد، تمایز، مهاجرت و ساير اعمال سلولی طی تکامل جنینی، در مطالعه حاضر اثرات این دو فاکتور بر تمایز سلول‌های بنیادی جنینی به کاردیومیوسیت مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش بررسي: سلول‌های بنیادی جنینی موش نژاد 129 از رده CCB برای تولید کاردیومیوسیتها مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. در این روش به منظور تأثیر هرچه بیشتر فاکتورهاي فوق، کلونی سلول‌های بنیادی در گروه‌های تجربی بر روی فیبروبلاست غیرفعال كشت داده شد و به مدت 24 ساعت با محیط کشت تمایزی حاوی ng/ml8 فاكتور TGF-β2 و ng/ml5 فاكتور BMP-2 همراه با کاهش سرم از 20% به 5/7% تغذیه شدند. سپس از این سلولها اجسام جنینی 800 سلولی در قطرات معلق و سوسپانسیون تهيه گرديد و سپس اجسام جنینی در پلیت‌های ژلاتینه کشت داده شدند. با تداوم كشت سلول‌های بنیادی به سلول‌های ضربان‌دار تمایز یافتند. به منظور تائید تأثیر فاکتورها بر تمایز سلول‌های بنیادی جنینی به کاردیومیوسیت، بیان فاکتورهای رونویسی اولیه MEF-2 وNKx2.5 و ژن‌های تخصصی سلول‌هاي قلبی MHC،ANF و MLC-2vبا روش RT-PCR نیمه کمی و بیان پروتئین دسمین و آلفا اکتینین در کاردیومیوسیت‌‌های تمایز یافته به روش Western-blot و حضور كارديوميوسيت‌هاي تمايز يافته بوسيله رنگ‌آميزي ايمنوهيستوشيمي با آنتي‌بادي اوليه ضد دسمين بررسی شد. نتایج: پس از طی مراحل تمایزی، از اطراف اجسام جنینی پلیت شده سلول‌های تمایز یافته دوکی شکل ضربان‌دار در گروه‌های تجربی در مقايسه با گروه كنترل به وضوح قابل مشاهده بود. با توجه به مقایسه کمی باندهای حاصله از PCR RT- اجسام جنینی پلیت شده در محیط‌های با فاکتورهای مختلف مشاهده گرديد که فاکتور TGF-β2 از فاكتور BMP-2 و هر دو فاکتور به صورت همزمان از هر يک به تنهایی، اثر افزایشی بيشتري بر تمایز کاردیومیوسیتها از سلول‌های بنیادی جنینی دارد. این امر با اندازه‌گیری کمی باندهایRT-PCR حاصله از بیان ژن‌های تخصصی قلبی در سلول‌های کاردیومیوسیت‌های تمایز یافته نشان داده شد. همچنین در اجسام جنینی پلیت شده در محیط با هر دو فاکتور پس از تمایز، بیان دو پروتئین دسمین و آلفا اکتینین توسط Western-blot و نیز حضور سلول‌های کاردیومیوسیت توسط نشانگذاری پروتئین دسمین با روش ایمنوهیستوشیمی تأیید شد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج اين مطالعه نشان داد که تأثیر همزمان دو فاکتور BMP-2, TGFB2 همراه با کاهش سرم در طی زمان کشت و جسم جنینی، هدايت سلول‌هاي بيماري جنيني را در جهت تمايز به كارديوسيتها افزايش مي‌دهد. 2 Introduction: Stem cell therapy seems promising for the treatment of incurable diseases such as injured myocardium. Directed in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ES) to cardiomyo-cytes is invaluable. TGFβ-2 and BMP-2, two different growth factors from the transforming growth factor-β superfamily (TGF-β), exhibit their effects on growth, immigration and different-tiation and other cellular functions during embryonic development. In this study, the effects of these factors on differentiation of ES cells into cardiomyocytes were evaluated. Materials & Methods: Murine embryonic stem cells (CCB derived from mouse strain 129) were used for cardiomyocyte differentiation. To increase the effects of the factors, ES cells were grown on inactivated fibroblasts for 24 hours in differentiating culture medium containing 8 ng/ml of TGF-β2 and 5 ng/ml of BMP-2 while decreasing serum concentration from 20% to 7.5%. Later, embryoid bodies (EB) were formed in 800-cells hanging drops and suspension from ES cells and eventually, EBs were cultured on gelatin-coated plates. After continuation of these steps, ES cells differentiated into beating cells. To determine the effects of the growth factors on ES cell differen-tiation into cardiomyocytes, expression of primary transcribing factors, MEF2, Nkx2.5, and specific cardiac genes including MHC, ANF, MLC-2v were assessed by semiquantitative RT-PCR and expression of desmin and α-actinin in differentiated cardiomyocytes was studied by western blotting and immunostaining. Results: After completion of the differentiation process, the EBs in the experimental groups exhibited beating compared with the control group. Considering the quantitative comparison of the dectrophoretic bands of RT-PCR and PCR products of the plated EBs in different media, it was seen that TGF-2 from BMP-2 and both factors together, compared to each one alone, is more effective on differentiation of embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes. In addition, in plated EBs, in a medium containing both factors, the expression of desmin and -actinin were determined by western blotting and the presence of cardiomyocytes, by marking desmin, by immunohistochemical staining. Conclusion: The results showed that the synchronized effects of both factors, while decreasing serum concentration during ES and EB cell cultures, increases differentiation of ES cells into cardiomyocytes. 338 349 Elham E Safarpour الهام صفرپور Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Campus Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Campus Iran Kazem K Parivar کاظم پریور Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Campus Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Campus Iran Mohammad Mehdi MM Akhondi محمدمهدی آخوندی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Mahmood M Jeddi-Tehrani محمود جدی‌تهرانی Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Fazel F Shokri فاضل شکری Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Amir Hassan AH Zarnani امیرحسن زرنانی Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Mohammad M Keramatipour محمد کرامتی پور Faculty of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Sheida Sh Salehkhou شیدا صالح‌خو Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Leila L Eini لیلا عینی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Mohammad Reza MR Sadeghi محمدرضا صادقی Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran sadeghi@avicenna.ac.ir Embryonic stem cellDifferentiationCardiomyocyteTGF-B2BMP-2 255.pdf Evans MJ, Kaufman MH. 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بررسي اثر فاكتور رشد NGF، RA، Shh بر تمايز سلول‌هاي بنيادي جنيني موش به سلول‌هاي عصبي و اليگوسيتي Evaluating the effects of NGF, RA and Shh growth factors on murine embryonic stem cell differentiation into neurons and oligocytes 2 1 زمينه و هدف: سلول‌هاي بنيادي جنيني (ES) سلول‌هاي همه تواني هستند كه توانايي تمايز به انواع سلول‌هاي تخصصي بالغ را دارا مي‌باشند و در حال حاضر و آينده نزديك امكان استفاده از اين سلولها در درمان بسياري از بيماريها با روش سلول درماني وجود دارد. به نظر مي‌رسد در آينده بتوان برخي بيماري‌هاي سيستم عصبي را با استفاده از فاكتورهاي مؤثر بر تمايز سلول‌هاي بنيادي به سلول‌هاي عصبي و گليالي درمان نمود، لذا در اين تحقيق سلول‌هاي بنيادي جنيني موش به صورت همه توان و تمايز نيافته كشت و تكثير داده شد و سپس تأثيرات فاكتورهاي رشد NGF، Shh، RA به منظور القاي تمايز اين سلولها به سلول‌هاي عصبي و گليالي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. روش بررسي: سلول‌هاي بنيادي جنيني (از موش نژاد 129 بنام CCB) را روي فيبروبلاست جنيني موش نژاد C57/BL6 كشت و تكثير داده و با روش قطرات معلق از آنها اجسام جنيني (EBs) تهيه شد. بعد از انتقال و كشت كلوني‌هاي EBs بر روي پليت كشت پوشانيده با فيبرونكتين، فاكتورهاي القایی NGF وShh به ترتيب با غلظت‌هاي ng/ml50 و 100، ng/ml300 و 500 و RA با غلظت M1و در گروه‌هاي ديگر bFGF با غلظت ng/ml20 به محيط كشت اختصاصي سلول‌هاي پيش‌ساز عصبي اضافه شد تا سلولها به سمت تمايز عصبي هدايت شوند. به منظور بررسي تمايز به انواع سلول‌هاي عصبي و گليالي با روش RT-PCR بيان ژن‌هاي اختصاصي سلول‌هاي عصبي شامل S100، Olig-2،Nurr-1، Nkx2.2 و Nestin ارزيابي شد و علاوه بر اين از روش ايمونوسيتوشيمي براي تأييد حضور پروتئين MAP-2 استفاده شد. نتايج: در اين تحقيق، بررسي‌هاي مولكولي نشان داد كه هر يك از اين فاكتورهاي رشد با تأثير در بيان ژن‌هاي‌ اختصاصي سلول‌هاي عصبي يك يا چند مسير مولكولي را فعال مي‌كنند كه در تمايز سلول‌هاي مختلف سيستم عصبي نقش اساسي دارند. رنگ‌آميزي اختصاصي اين سلولها با آنتي‌بادي MAP-2 نشان داد كه سلول‌هاي حاصل داراي زوائد دندريتي خاص سلول‌هاي عصبي يا نورون هستند. نتيجه‌گيري: براساس يافته‌هاي اين تحقيق سلول‌هاي بنيادي جنيني همه توان و تمايز نيافته در حضور فاكتورهاي رشد RA، NGF، Shh به سلول‌هاي عصبي و اوليگودندروسيتي تمايز مي‌يابند؛ به‌طوريكه هر يك از اين عوامل در مسير خاص تمايزي سلول‌هاي تخصصي سيستم عصبي مؤثر بوده و حتي ميزان غلظت افزوده شده عوامل فوق نيز بر چگونگي تمايز يافتن اين سلولها مؤثر مي‌باشد. 2 Introduction: Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells that can differentiate into all types of specific adult cells and are used for cell therapy in certain diseases. It seems that the inductive factors may be used to produce neurons and gliocytes out of ES cells for the treatment of some nervous system diseases in future. In this research, pluripotent and undifferentiated murine embryonic cells were cultured and effects of the growth factors NGF, RA and Shh were studied for the induction of neural and glial differentiations. Materials & Methods: CCB ES cell line derived from mouse strain 129 were cultured on inactivated embryonic fibroblasts from C57/BL6 mice and embryonic bodies (EBs) were pre-pared and transplanted onto culture plates covered by fibronectin and growth factors NGF, Shh and RA with respective concentrations of 50 and 100 ng/ml, 300 and 500 ng/ml and 1 μM and in some groups bFGF with a concentration of 20 ng/ml were added to the specific culture medium for neural cell precursors to induce cell differentiation into neural cells. For studying differentiation into many types of neurons and oligodendrocyte, gene expression of specific neu-ral genes such as nestin, Nkx2-2, Nurr1, S100 and Olig-2 were assessed by RT-PCR and immu-nocytochemistry assays were used to confirm the presence of MAP-2 protein. Results: In this study, genetic evaluations showed that each of the previously mentioned growth factors activate some molecular mechanisms that have essential effects on differentiation into different kinds of nervous system cells by affecting the expression of marker genes. Cytoche-mistry of these cells by monoclonal MAP-2 antibody showed the resultant cells have dendrites that are specific for neural cells or neurons. Conclusion: The findings indicated that pluripotent and undifferentiated CCB ES cells underwent differentiation into neural cells and oligodendrocytes under the effects of NGF, Shh and RA growth factors and this neural induction was confirmed by the presence of molecular and antigenic markers in these cells. Each of these factors was effective in the induction of different-tiation of specialized neural cells and even different concentrations of the factors induced parti-cular cell differentiations. 349 358 Hediyeh H Jahanbakht هدیه جهان‌بخت Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Campus Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Campus Iran Kazem K Parivar کاظم پریور Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Campus Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Campus Iran Mohammad Mehdi MM Akhondi محمدمهدی آخوندی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran akhondi@avicenna.ac.ir Mahmood M Jeddi-Tehrani محمود جدی‌تهرانی Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Mohammad Hossein MH Modarresi محمدحسین مدرسی Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Mohammad Reza MR Sadeghi محمدرضا صادقی Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Mohammad M Keramatipour محمد کرامتی پور Faculty of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Amir Hassan AH Zarnani امیرحسن زرنانی Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Sheida Sh Salehkhou شیدا صالح‌خو Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran MurineEmbryonic stem cellDifferentiationNeuronRANGFShh 256.pdf Gardner RL, Cockroft DL. 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بررسی تأثیر داروی آتورواستاتین بر کشت بافت اندومتر انسان در زمینه سه بعدی فیبرینی Evaluating the effects of Atorvastatin on cultured human endometrium in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix 2 1 زمینه و هدف: آندومتريوز به عنوان يكي از عوامل اصلي ناباروري در زنان تحقيقات گسترده‌اي را به خود اختصاص داده است. کشت بافت اندومتر انسانی در زمینه سه بعدی فیبرینی به عنوان مدل مناسبی برای بیماری اندومتریوز مطرح مي‌باشد. استاتینها به‌عنوان داروهايي با اثرات متنوع در رگ‌زايي به عنوان كانديداي براي مهار اين بيماري مطرح مي‌باشند. لذا هدف مطالعه حاضر، شناسائي تأثیر غلظت‌های مختلف آتورواستاتین بر کشت بافت اندومتر انسانی به منظور تعیین اثرات مهار یا تسريع‌کننده آن بر رشد بافت مي‌باشد. روش بررسی: 8 نمونه بافت اندومتر طبيعي انسان به قطعات mm11 تقسیم و در ظروف 24 خانه، کشت داده شدند. براي تشكيل مدل سه بعدي مورد نظر ابتدا به هر خانه از ظرف كشت ml5/0 محلول فیبرینوژن در محيط M199 با غلظت mg/ml 3 و L 10 ترومبین اضافه گردید. پس از تشكيل ژل، قطعات بافت اندومتر در سطح آن قرار داده‌شد و لایه دوم از محلول فیبرینوژن اضافه گردید. قطعات بافت اندومتر هر نمونه در 4 ردیف 5 تایی چاهك‌هاي ظرف کشت داده شدند. ردیف اول به عنوان کنترل محيط كشت و ردیف‌هاي دوم تا چهارم به ترتيب غلظت‌هاي m1/0، m1 و m10 از آتورواستاتين به چاهكها اضافه گرديد. هر 72 ساعت تعویض محیط انجام شد و تغییرات ایجاد شده در بافتها با استفاده از میکروسکوپ معكوس ثبت گردید. همچنین در روز‌های 1، 7، 14 و 21 از نمونه‌ها عکسبرداری صورت گرفت. در پایان دوره مطالعه، به بافت‌های کشت داده شده براساس مشاهدۀ رشد زوائد سلولی، هجوم سلول های رسوب یافته به درون ژل فیبرین و رشد غدد آندومتری نمره داده شد و تصاویر مربوط به کشت سه بعدی آنالیز شد. همچنین به منظور تائید ساختار های سلولی رشد یافته در ژل، برش های پارافینی به دست آمده از نمونه های کشت داده شده به روش ایمونوهیستوشیمی و با آنتی ویمنتین، آنتی سیتوکراتین و آنتی CD31 رنگ آمیزی شدند. براي آنالیز آماری داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS (نسخه 5/11) استفاده شد. داده‌های مربوط به نمره دهی بافتها توسط آزمون آماری فريدمن و داده‌های حاصل از آنالیز تصاویر توسط آزمون آماریANOVA یکطرفه مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج: تغييرات رشد در گروه کنترل، 5/82% و در گروه M1/0، 5/87% بود كه اختلاف آنها معنی‌دار بود (05/0p<). اين تغييرات در گروه M1، 50% و در گروه M10، 5% بود که اختلاف آنها نيز با گروه کنترل معنی‌دار بود (001/0p<). نتیجه‌گیری: داروی آتورواستاتین در غلظت‌هاي مختلف داراي اثرات متفاوتي بر رشد بافت اندومتر کشت داده شده مي‌باشد به ‌طوري كه با دوز M1/0 باعث افزایش رشد و دوزهای M1 و M10 باعث کاهش رشد می‌گردد. مطالعات تکمیلی در مدل‌های حیوانی در این زمینه توصیه می‌شود. 2 Introduction: Endometriosis, as one of the main causes of infertility in women, has devoted a lot of research to itself. Three-dimensional culture of human endometrial tissue has been known as a functional model for endometriosis. Statins have a variety of different effects on angiogenesis and they have been suggested as a candidate for the inhibition of this disease. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine inhibitory or promotory effects of different concentrations of Atorvastatin on the growth of cultured human endometrium. Materials & Methods: 8 endometrial samples were cut into 1x1 mm pieces and were cultured in 24-well culture plates. To establish the desired three-dimensional model, 0.5 ml of fibrinogen solution in M199 medium, with a concentration of 3mg/ml and 10µL of thrombin were added to each well. After formation of the jelly, the endometrial fragments were placed on it and a second jelly layer was added. The endometrial tissue of each specimen was cultured in four 5-piece layers. The first row was regarded as control and to the second, third and forth rows, 0.1, 1.0 and 10µM concentrations of the medication were added respectively. Every 3 days, endometrial pieces and their probable changes were observed by an invert microscope (Motic-AE31) and the culture media were changed. The tissue fragments were also photographed on days 1, 7, 14 and 21. At the end of the study, the cultures were graded according to their cellular outgrowths, invasion of deposited cells into the jelly and growth of endometrial glands and images related to the 3-D cultures were analyzed. To confirm the growth of cellular structures into the jelly, paraffin embedded cuts of the cultured specimen were immunohistochemically stained by anti-vimentin, anticytokeratin and anti-CD31. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software (Version 11.5). The statistical analysis related to the grading of wells was done by Freedman test and the statistical analysis of the images was performed by one-way ANOVA. Results: Growth changes were 82.5% in the control group and 87.5% in the 0.1µM concentration group, depicting significantly higher values compared to the control group (p<0.05). The changes in 1µM and in 10µM groups were 50% and 5% respectively which had significant differences with that of the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Different concentrations of Atorvastatin have different effects on the growth of cultured endometrial tissue, 0.1µM concentration increases growth of cultured human endomet-rium, while 1µM and 10µM can decrease growth of the tissue. Further animal studies on this subject are suggested. 358 367 Azadeh A Montaseri آزاده منتصری Reproduction Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Reproduction Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Iran montaseri_azi@yahoo.com Mozaffar M Khazaei مظفر خزاعی Reproduction Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Reproduction Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Iran Rostam R Ghorbani رستم قربانی Reproduction Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Reproduction Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Iran Mansour M Rezaei منصور رضایی Reproduction Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Reproduction Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Iran AtorvastatinEndometriumEndometriosis3D-cultureTissue growthFibrinThrombin 257.pdf Lebovic DI, Bentzien F, Chao VA, Garrett ET, Taylor RN. 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اثر گياه آب بشقابي بر روند اسپرماتوژنز رت Evaluating the effects of Centella asiatica on spermatogenesis in rats 2 1 زمينه و هدف: با توجه به حمايت‌هاي سازمان بهداشت جهاني از حفظ سلامت جامعه و كنترل جمعيت و نيز بهداشت باروري، امروزه استفاده از فرآورده‌هاي گياهي به عنوان جانشين يا مكمل داروهاي سنتزي ضد بارداري مطرح مي‌باشد. گياه آب بشقابي (Centella Asiatica) گونة با ارزشي است كه در طب سنتي از هزاران سال پيش در كشورهاي آسياي شرقي، هندوستان و چين به طور سنتي براي درمان بيماري‌هاي مختلف استفاده شده است. اين گياه در ايران در منطقه تالاب بندرانزلي به صورت وحشي پراكنش دارد و تحقيقاتي در رابطه با تأثير آن بر سيستم توليد مثلي در مدل آزمايشگاهي انجام نشده است؛ لذا بر اين اساس هدف از اين مطالعه، بررسي اثرات عصاره تام گياه آب بشقابي بر روي عملكرد اسپرماتوژنز در رت‌هاي نر بود. روش بررسي: ابتدا گياه از تالاب بندرانزلي جمع‌آوري و به روش پركولاسيون، عصاره تام آن تهيه شد. سپس موش‌هاي صحرايي نر نژاد ويستار 10-8 هفته و با وزن g250-200 به صورت تصادفي انتخاب و به گروه‌هاي شش‌تايي تقسيم شدند. آنگاه دوزهاي mg/kg 100 و80، 50،10 از عصاره، انتخاب و روزانه به مدت 60 روز به صورت خوراكي به رتها داده شد. پس از آخرين دوز دريافتي رت‌هاي مورد آزمايش، گروه كنترل و شم تشريح شدند. سپس بيضه‌هاي آنها به دقت جدا شده و به منظور بررسي اثرات احتمالي عصاره بر وزن اندام‌هاي توليد مثلي طي مدت درمان در گروه‌هاي مورد مطالعه، كنترل و شم بيضه‌ها وزن شدند. سپس آناليز پارامترهاي اسپرم و بررسي‌هاي بافت‌شناسي بيضه انجام گرفت. نتايج حاصل با استفاده از نرم افزارهاي آماري Pharm, SPSS و آزمون واريانس يك طرفه با سطح معني‌داري 05/0p< تجزيه و تحليل آماري شد. نتايج: نتايج نشان داد كه مقدار LD50 براي عصاره تام گياه در رت‌هاي نر mg500 با حدود اطمينان 2/2-9/1 مي‌باشد. بر اين اساس دوزهاي غيركشنده mg/kg 100، 80، 50، 10 جهت ارزيابي عملكرد اسپرم و بررسي‌هاي بافت‌شناسي بيضه در نظر گرفته شد. نتايج تغييرات وزن بدن و بيضه در حيوانات دريافت كننده غلظت‌هاي مختلف عصاره در مقايسه با گروه كنترل و شم افزايش معني‌داري را نشان داد. همچنين بررسي‌هاي بافت‌شناسي، تغييراتي در سير تكامل اسپرماتوژنز، شامل از بين رفتن اسپرماتوزوئيدها، پرخوني بافت بينابيني در برخي توبول‌هاي اسپرم‌ساز و نتايج آناليز اسپرم كاهش معني‌داري در ميزان اسپرم‌هاي زنده (01/0p<) و متحرك (001/0p<) و ذخيره اسپرم در اپيديديم (001/0p<) نسبت به گروه كنترل و شم نشان داد؛ ولي تغيير در مورفولوژي اسپرم مشاهده نشد. نتيجه‌گيري: با توجه به نتايج حاصل، به نظر مي‌رسد بتوان از اين گياه به عنوان عامل ضد باروري موقت در حيوانات استفاده كرد. نويسندگان مقاله تحقيقات بيشتري را در زمينه بيوشيميايي و مولكولي اثر اين عصاره بر روي سيستم توليد مثلي توصيه مي‌كنند تا مسائلي همچون به صرفه بودن اقتصادي و فرمولاسيون مناسب مورد بررسي قرار گيرد. 2 Introduction: Based on supportive aids of WHO in the field of public health, family planning and reproductive health, consumption of herbal drugs has been considered as an alternative to synthetic contraceptive drugs. Centella asiatica has been traditionally used for the treatment of different types of diseases for thousands of years in various parts of the world including Eastern Asia, China and India. Considering the dispersal of this plant in Bandar Anzali’s wetlands and lack of research on the effects of this plant on reproductive system in laboratory models, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Centella asiatica extract on spermatogenesis and testical tissue of rats. Materials & Methods: At first, the plant was collected and its extract was prepared through percolation process. Some 8 to 10-week old male Wistar rats, weighing about 200-250 grams, were selected randomly and were divided into 6-member subgroups. The rats in the control group received water, the sham group received Tween solvent and the third to the sixth groups received non-fatal doses of 10, 50, 80 and 100mg/kg of the crude extract for 60 days respectively. On the 61st day, the rats were dissected and their testes were taken out and weighed for probable effects of the extract on the organs weight. Then sperm parameters and histological evaluations of the testes were done. The results were analyzed by the use of SPSS and Pharm softwares by calculation of one-way ANOVA while considering p<0.05 as the significance level. Results: The LD50 of the plant was calculated as 500mg/kg, with a confidence interval of 1.9- 2.2 in male rats. The non-lethal doses of 10, 50, 80 and 100 mg/kg of Centella extract were considered for histological and spermatogonial evaluations. There were significant increases in body and testis weight in rats receiving the extract compared to the control and sham groups. There were histological changes during spermatogonial evolution such as degeneration of spermatozoa and interstitial congestion in some tubules and sperm analysis showed a meaningful decrease in the number of spermatozoa (p<0.01), motile sperms (p<0.001) and epididymal sperm storage (p<0.001) compared to the sham and control groups but there were no changes in sperm morphology. Conclusion: Based on the above results, it seems that Centella asiatica can be used as a temporary contraceptive agent in animals. Nevertheless, more biochemical and molecular research on the contraceptive effects of this extract is needed to determine its economical benefits and prepare an appropriate formulation. 367 375 Mahnaz M Heidari مهناز حیدری Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran mheidari@avicenna.ac.ir Amir Hasan AH Jamshedi امیرحسن جمشیدی Ministry of Health & Medical Education Ministry of Health & Medical Education Iran Shahin Sh Akhondzadeh شاهین آخوندزاده Faculty of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Maerefat M Ghaffari معرفت غفاری نوین Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Mohammad Reza MR Sadeghi محمدرضا صادقی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Mahmoud M Ghazi Khansari محمود قاضی خوانساری Faculty of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Mohammad Mehdi MM Akhondi محمدمهدی آخوندی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran RatSpermSpermatogenesisLD50Centella asiaticaFertilityContraceptives 258.pdf Rechinger KH. Flora Iranica. (Umbelliferae). Akade-mische Druck-U. Verlagsanstalt. Graz-Austria. 1987; vol:162;39.##Mozaffarian V. The family of umbelliferae in iran (keys and distribution). Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Iran. 1983;23-24.##World Health Organization. Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. WHO. Geneve. 1998;77-85.##Schultz V, Hansel R, Tyler V. Rational phytotherapy: a physicians guid to herbal medicine.4th Edition, Springer. Germany. 2000;pp:337-338.##Corpoter DO. Nursing herbal medicine handbook. Sprinhouse. Pennsylvania. 2001;pp:213-214.##Carpenter D. Professional guide to complementery and alternative therapies. Springhouse, Pensylvania. 2002; pp:239-240.##Sastravaha G, Yotnuengnit P, BoonCong P, Sangthera-pitikul P. Adjunctive periodontal treatment with cen-tella asiatica and punica granatum extracts, A prelimi-nary study. J Int Acad Periodontal. 2003;5(4): 106-12.##Kuhn MA. Herbal theraphy and supplements. Lippin-cott, New york. 2000;pp:163-66.##کمیته تدوین فارماکوپه گیاهی ایران‌ـ فارماکوبه گیاهی ایران، وزارت بهداشت درمان و آموزش پزشکی، سال 84، صفحات 99-107.##Dutta T, Basu UP. Crude extract of Centella asiatica and products derived from its glycosides as oral anti-fertility agents. Indian J Exp Biol. 1968;6(3):181-2.##Gruenwald J, Brendle Jaenicke C. PDR for herbal medicine. 2nd Edition. Medical Economics Co. Mont-vale New Jersey. 2000;729-31.##Jalili A, Jamzad Z. Red data book of plant species of iran. Research institute of forests and rangelands. Iran. 1999;pp:663.##Murray MT. The healing power of herbs Rocklin. California, Prima Publishing. 1995;pp:173-83.##Garg S, Doncel G, Chabra S, Upadhyay SN, Talwar GP. Synergistic spermicidal activity of neem seed extract, reetha saponins and quinine hydrochloride. Contraception. 1994;50:185-90.##Sander FV, Cramer SD. 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مقايسه تيتر آنتی‌بادی IgG کلاميديا پنومونيه در مبتلايان به پره‌اکلامپسی با شروع زودرس و ديررس Comparing serum IgG titers against Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with early and late-onset pre-eclampsia and healthy individuals 2 1 زمينه و هدف: پره‌اکلامپسی همچنان يکی از معضلات عمده سلامت مادران و نوزادان می‌باشد. چندين وجه مشترک بين پره‌اکلامپسی و آترواسکلروز وجود دارد. قبلاً ارتباط بين ابتلاء به عفونت مزمن کلاميديا پنومونيه و ايجاد آترواسکلروز نشان داده شده است. اين مطالعه با هدف تعيين وجود ارتباط بين پاتوژنز و زمان وقوع پره‌اکلامپسی و عفونت مزمن با کلاميديا پنومونيه انجام شده است. روش بررسی: اين مطالعه مقطعی روی 88 زن با نتيجه طبيعی بارداري، 72 زن مبتلا به پره‌اکلامپسی ديررس و 16 زن مبتلا به پره‌اکلامپسی زودرس طي سال‌های 83 و 84 در شهر زاهدان انجام شد. در کليه افراد وضعيت سرم افراد برای وجود IgG عليه کلاميديا پنومونيه و تيتر آن با روش الايزا تعيين شد. سپس اطلاعات مربوط به مشخصات دموگرافيک و وضعيت آنتی‌بادی در نرم افزار SPSS وارد و با استفاده از آمار توصيفی، آزمون‌های آناليز واريانس يک طرفه و مجذور کای مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت. مقدار 05/0>p از نظر آماری معنی‌دار درنظر گرفته شد. نتايج: نتايج نشان داد که بين سه گروه از نظر وجود آنتي‌بادي عليه كلاميديا پنومونيه تفاوتی وجود نداشت. به عبارت ديگر بين هر دو گروه از مبتلايان به پره‌اکلامپسی زودرس و ديررس، مبتلايان به پره‌اکلامپسی زودرس و گروه شاهد و مبتلايان به پره‌اکلامپسی ديررس و گروه شاهد از نظر سروپازتيويتي تفاوت معني‌داري نداشت. اما معلوم شد که از نظر تيتر آنتی‌بادی IgG عليه کلاميديا پنومونيه بين سه گروه (0001/0>p) و بين هر دو گروه مبتلايان به پره‌اکلامپسی زودرس و ديررس و مبتلايان به پره‌اکلامپسی زودرس و گروه شاهد (0001/0>p) تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود داشت؛ ولی بين گروه مبتلايان به پره‌اکلامپسی ديررس وگروه شاهد تفاوتی موجود نبود. نتيجه‌گيری: نتايج اين مطالعه نشان داد که عفونت مزمن با كلاميديا پنومونيه می‌تواند با پره‌اکلامپسی زودرس در ارتباط باشد. اين بررسی می‌تواند پشتوانه‌ای جهت يافتن ارتباط پره‌اکلامپسی و آترواسکلروز بعدی باشد. لذا پيشنهاد مي‌شود احتمال استفاده از ماكروليدها به عنوان جزئي از برنامه‌هاي پيشگيري در افراد در معرض خطر ابتلا به پره‌اكلامپسي مورد بررسي قرار گيرد. 2 Introduction: Pre-eclampsia is one of the complexities of maternal and neonatal health. There are several similarities between pre-eclampsia and atherosclerosis. The relation between chronic Chla-mydia pneumoniae infections with atherosclerosis has been shown previously. This study has been done to determine the connection between pathogenesis and onset time of pre-eclampsia and chro-nic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 88 women with normal pregnancy outcomes, 72 patients with late-onset pre-eclampsia and 16 patients who developed early-onset pre-eclampsia in Zahedan in the years 2004-2005. Anti-Chlamydia IgG and its titer were checked for in the cases and controls by ELISA method. After entering the demographic data and IgG status of the study population, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software by one-way ANOVA and Chi-Square test, at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The results showed that there were no difference in seropositivity among the three groups (p=0.4). There were also no differences between early-onset and late-onset pre-eclampsia (p=0.5), early-onset pre-eclampsia and control group (p=0.32) and late-onset pre-eclampsia and control group (p=0.25) in that regard. There was a significant difference in IgG titers among the three groups (p<0.0001), between early-onset and late-onset pre-eclampsia (p<0.0001) and between early-onset pre-eclampsia and control group (p<0.0001), but there were no differences between those with late-onset pre-eclampsia and the control group (p=0.98). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that chronic infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae could be related to early-onset pre-eclampsia. This study can be a support for evaluating the relationship between pre-eclampsia and subsequent atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is suggested that use of macrolides be part of the preventive programs in high-risk individuals for pre-eclampsia. 375 383 Mojgan M Mokhtari مژگان مختاری Department of Obs. & Gyn., Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Department of Obs. & Gyn., Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Iran mmokhtari1345@hotmail.com Minoo M Yaghmaei مینو یغمایی Department of Obs. & Gyn., Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Department of Obs. & Gyn., Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Iran Mehrbod M Karimi مهربد کریمی Department of Pathology, Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Department of Pathology, Ali-Ebne-Abitaleb Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Iran Masoud M Roodbari مسعود رودباری Department of Epidemiology & Statistics , Faculty of Health, Zahedan Medical Sciences University Department of Epidemiology & Statistics , Faculty of Health, Zahedan Medical Sciences University Iran Hamid Reza HR Koohpaye حمیدرضا کوهپایه Department of Infectious Diseases, Bu-Ali Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Department of Infectious Diseases, Bu-Ali Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Iran Pregnancy outcomePreeclampsiaChlamydia infectionsChlamydia pneumoniaeAntibodiesELISAAtherosclerosisMacrolides 259.pdf Roberts JM. 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نقش لاپاروسکوپی در درمان مردان آزواسپرم با بیضه‌های غیرقابل لمس The role of laparoscopy in the management of azoospermic men with Non-palpable testis 2 1 زمينه و هدف: يكي از تظاهرات باليني مردان با بيضه‌هاي غيرقابل لمس، ناباروري و آزواسپرمي است. تشخيص و درمان بيضه‌هاي غيرقابل لمس به خصوص در نزد بالغين بحث برانگيز مي‌باشد. روش‌های تصویربرداری معمول نظیر سونوگرافی، CTS Scan و MRI جهت یافتن بیضه‌های غیرقابل لمس از حساسیت کافی برخوردار نبوده و جواب‌هاي منفی کاذب بالایی دارند. بدین ترتیب در این بیماران لاپاروسکوپی ضروری می‌باشد. اگرچه مطالعاتی در خصوص فواید لاپاروسکوپی در این بیماران صورت گرفته است؛ ولی هنوز موارد بحث برانگیز زیادی وجود دارد که ضرورت چنین مطالعاتی را نشان می‌دهد. اين مطالعه به بررسي نقش لاپاروسكوپي در تشخيص و درمان (غالباً اركيكتومي) مردان نابارور با آزواسپرمي ناشي از بيضه‌هاي غيرقابل لمس مي‌پردازد. روش بررسي: بررسي حاضر از نوع Case series بود و پرونده و فيلم لاپاروسكوپي بيماران مراجعه كننده به مركز فوق ‌تخصصي درمان ناباروري ابن‌سينا از بهمن 83 تا آبان 85 مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. در طي مدت مطالعه 12 بيمار متأهل با 20 بيضه غيرقابل لمس با ناباروري اوليه و آزواسپرم، داراي اندیکاسیون لاپاروسكوپي ارزيابي شدند. پس از ارزيابي اوليه رضايت‌نامه مربوط به انجام اركيكتومي احتمالي از بيماران دريافت شد. بعد از آمادگي‌هاي لازم قبل عمل جراحي، براي اين افراد لاپاروسكوپي تشخيصي‌ـ درماني انجام شد. در موارديكه عروق اسپرماتيك به صورت كور و انتهایشان قابل رؤيت بود به لاپاروسكوپي خاتمه داده شد. سپس با توجه به اندازة بيضه، فاصله تا رينگ داخلي و سن بيمار تصميم به اركيوپکسی و يا اركيكتومي گرفته شد. نتایج: 20 بیضه غیرقابل لمس در نزد 12 بیمار کریپتورکیديسم یک يا دو طرفه تحت بررسی قرار گرفت. متوسط سنی این بیماران به هنگام مراجعه و انجام عمل لاپاروسکوپی 37 سال (43-33) بود. در معاینه بالینی 8 بیمار بیضه غیرقابل لمس دو طرفه و 4 بیمار یک بیضه قابل لمس آتروفيك داشتند که 2 مورد با نزول طبیعی و 2 مورد هم ارکیوپکسی با جراحی باز در سن بعد بلوغ بود. از 20 بیضه غیرقابل لمس که تحت عمل لاپاراسکوپی قرار گرفتند 5 بیضه (25%) وجود نداشت که 3 مورد بيضه محو شده بود که عناصر طناب منوي به صورت انتهای کور نرسیده به رينگ داخلي قابل رویت بودند و 2 بیضه (10%) هم اركيكتومي به روش جراحی باز شده بودند. 15 بیضه دیگر (60%) داخل شکمی بودند که به‌طور موفقیت‌آمیزی تحت عمل ارکیوپکسی یا ارکیکتومی لاپاروسکوپی قرارگرفتند. عارضه‌ای در ارتباط با لاپاروسکوپی دیده نشد. نمونه‌های اركيكتومي و نیز بیوپسی بیضه‌های اركيوپكسي شده به پاتولوژی ارسال گرديد که از 15 نمونه پاتولوژی، براي 3 بيمار آتروفي بیضه، براي 3 بیمار بیضه نابالغ و براي 9 بيمار آپلازي سلول‌های ژرمینال گزارش گردید. نتیجه‌گیری: لاپاروسکوپی یک روش مؤثر و بدون خطر در درمان بیضه‌های غیرقابل لمس در بالغین است. بیماران از درد کمتر، نقاهت کوتاه، ظاهر عالی و ترخیص سریع سود می‌برند. اين مطالعه استفاده روتین از روش لاپاروسکوپی را در تشخیص و درمان بیضه‌های غیرقابل لمس بالغین پيشنهاد مي‌كند. 2 Introduction: Infertility and azoospermia are among the clinical presentations of males with im-palpable testis. The management of non-palpable testis especially in adult patients remains contro-versial. Routine imaging methods like sonography, CTS and MRI are not sensitive enough to detect impalpable testes and have high false negative results. Therefore, it is necessary to perform laparoscopic examination in such patients. Although a few studies have reported benefits of lapa-roscopic examinations in the management of such cases, but it is still subject to many contro-versies showing the need for more investigations in this area. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment (mostly orchiectomy) of impalpable testis in azoospermic men. Materials & Methods: This is a case series study in which the files and laparoscopy movies of patients who had attended Avesina Infertility Clinic form February 2006 to October 2005 and had indication for laparoscopy were retrospectively analyzed. During the study twenty testicular units from 12 married patients with primary infertility and azoospermia were studied. After preliminary evaluations, informed consent for probable orchiectomy was taken from the patients. After preo-perative preparations, diagnostic/surgical laparoscopies were performed. In cases of blind ending vessels or vanishing testes, the procedure was terminated. Orchiopexy or orchiectomy was per-formed based on testis size, distance from internal ring and patient’s age. Results: Twenty testicular units from 12 patients with unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism were studied. The mean age of patients at the time of attendance and laparoscopy was 37 years (33-43). Eight patients presented bilateral non-palpable testes and four patients with palpable one-sided atrophic testis, two patients had natural descents and two had undergone postpubertal orchiopexy. From the 20 impalpable testes undergoing the procedure, 5 (25%) were absent, 3 vanishing testes and 2 previously done orchiectomies. 15 out of the 20 testes (60%) were located in intra-abdo-minal cavity and were managed successfully by the means of laparoscopic orchiopexy or orchiec-tomy. No laparoscopy related complications occurred. All testicular biopsies from orchiopexy or orchiectomy were sent to a pathology laboratory. Three of the 15 biopsies were reported as atro-phic testis, three as immature testis and 8 of them had germ cell aplasia. Conclusion: The data suggest that laparoscopy can be considered as a safe and effective method for the management of non-palpable testis in adults. The patients may experience less pain and benefit from better cosmetics, early discharge and rapid recovery. 383 391 Naser N Amirjannati ناصر امیرجنتی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran namirjannati@yahoo.com Mohammad Mehdi MM Akhondi محمدمهدی آخوندی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Hooman H Sadri-Ardekani هومن صدری‌اردکانی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Haleh H Soltanghoraee هاله سلطان قرایی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Mahmood M Jeddi-Tehrani محمود جدی‌تهرانی Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Mohammad Hossein MH Modarresi محمدحسین مدرسی Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Impalpable testisAzoospermiaOrchiopexyLaparoscopic orchiectomyAndrology surgery 260.pdf Rezvani I. Cryptorchidism: A Pediatricians View. Ped Clin N Am. 1987;34:735.##Hutson JM, Terada M, Zhou B, Williams MP. Normal testicular descent and the aetiology of cryptorchidism. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 1996;132:1-56.##Berkowitz GS, Lapinski RH, Dolgin E. Prevalence and natural history of cryptorchidism. Pediatrics. 1993;92: 44-7.##Scorer CG. The descent of the testis. Arch Dis Child. 1964;39:605-9.##Hutson JM, Hasthorpe S, Heyns CF. Anatomical and functional aspects of testicular descent and cryptor-chidism. Endocrinol Rev. 1997;18:259-280.##Elder JS. The undescended testis: hormonal and surgi-cal management. Surg Clin North Am. 1988;68:983-1005.##Fallon B, Kennedy TJ. Long term follow-up of fertility in cryptorchid patients. Urology. 1985;25:502-504.##Rozanski TA, Bloom DA. The undescended testis: Theory and management. Urol Clin North Am. 1995; 22(1):107-18.##Foresta C, Ferlin A, Garolla A, Milani C, Oliva G, Rossato M. 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Pediatrics. 1996; 98:676.##Lee PA, O'Leary LA, Songer NJ, Coughlin MT, Bellinger NF, Laporte RE. Paternity after Bilateral cryptorchidism: A Controlled Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(3):260-3.##Farrer JH, Walker AH, Rajfer J. Management of postpubertal cryptorchid testis: A statistical review. J Urol. 1985;134:1071-6.##Jacob R. congenital anomalies of the testis and scrotum. In the Compbell’s urology. Patrick C w, Alan BRE. Duracott Vaughan. (Editors). 7th Edition, Phila-delphia, WB saunders Company. 1998;pp:22.##Rangarajan M, Jayakar SM. Laparoscopic orchiec-tomy for the adult impalpable testis: experiences in a rural teaching hospital. Surg Endosc. 2007;21(1):66-9.##Jacob R. congenital anomalies of the testis and scro-tum. In the Compbell’s urology. Patrick C. Walsh, Alan B, Retic E. Duracott Vauqhan, Alan JW (Editors). 7th Edition. Philadelphia,WB saunders Company. 1998; pp:2172-92.##Anthony AC, Laparoscopy and the management of the nonpalpable testis. 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Patrick CW, Alan BR, Duracott E, Alan JW (Editors). 7th Edition. Philadelphia, WB saunders company. 1998;pp:2193-209.##Rogers E, Teahan S, Gallagher H, Butler MR, Grainger R, MCDermott TE, Thornhill JA. The role of orchiectomy in the management of postpubertal cryp-torchidism. J Urol. 1998;159:851-854.##Maniyur R, Anil M, Anant K, Himanshu C, Avinash S, Mahendra B, et al. Adult cryptorchidism: Unrevea-ling the cryptic facts. Indian J Surg. 2004;66.##Bittencourt DG, Miranda ML, Moreira AP, Miyabara S, Bustorff-silva JM. The role of videolaparoscopy in the diagnosis and therapeutic approach of nonpalpable testis. Int Braz J Urol. 2003;29:345-52.##

بررسی آگاهی، نگرش و رفتارهای زنان در مورد بهداشت باروري در هفت شهر مرکزی ایران، 1384 Evaluating knowledge, attitude and behavior of women on reproductive health subjects in seven central cities of Iran 2 1 زمینه و هدف: گسترش بهداشت باروری و پرداختن به ابعاد مختلف آن در سطح ملی و بین‌المللی یکی از گام‌های اساسی در تامین سلامت جامعه و خانواده با محور سلامت زنان می‌باشد. با توجه به اینکه در تعریف جدید، بهداشت باروری به تمامی جنبه‌های زندگی و سلامت زنان و دختران وابسته است و هم اکنون بهداشت باروری و بهره‌مند شدن زنان از حقوق باروری خود به عنوان بخشی از حقوق اساسی بشر و حمایت‌های مذهبی دین اسلام از آن مطرح است، این تحقیق با هدف تعیین آگاهی، نگرش و رفتارهای زنان در زمینه بهداشت باروری انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: این بررسی مطالعه‌ای توصیفی‌ـ تحلیلی از نوع مقطعی می‌باشد که در هفت شهر مرکزی ایران در سال 1384 انجام شد. نمونه‌های مورد بررسي، 840 نفر از زنان 49-15 ساله مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی درمانی بودند كه به روش نمونه‌گیری سه مرحله‌ای وارد تحقیق شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه بود که به روش مصاحبه تکمیل و در نرم افزار آماری SPSS ويرايش 5/11 وارد و تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. آزمون‌هاي آماری مورد استفاده در اين تحقيق، آزمون ناپارامتري كروسكال‌ـ واليس، 2 و آزمون همبستگي پيرسون بود. نتایج: طبق نتایج 62% زنان با اصطلاح بهداشت باروری آشنایی داشتند و4/66% آنان روش‌هاي مؤثر پيشگيري از بارداري را به كار مي‌بردند؛ هرچند زنان مورد بررسی از حداکثر نمره آگاهی (14) میانگین نمره 21/9 را کسب کردند؛ در عین حال فقط حدود 18% آنان از زمان مناسب انجام آزمایش پاپ اسمیر و خودآزمایی پستان آگاهی داشتند و سوءتعابیری نیز در مورد ایدز در بین آنان وجود داشت. آزمون ناپارامتری کروسکال والیس اختلاف معنی‌داری بین آگاهی زنان در شهرهاي مورد مطالعه و مقاطع تحصیلی مختلف نشان داد (05/0p<). نگرش زنان در خصوص بهداشت باروری مطلوب بود ولی در شهرهای مختلف تفاوت معنی‌داری داشت (05/0p<). نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج فوق و اهمیت مقوله بهداشت و حقوق باروری و تأکید دین اسلام بر روی این موضوع ارتقاء آگاهی، نگرش و رفتارهای زنان در زمینه بهداشت باروری مقوله‌هایی مانند آزمایش پاپ اسمیر، خودآزمایی پستان و استفاده از روش‌های مطمئن پیشگیری از بارداری باید در دستور کار سیاستگزاران بهداشتی و سازمان‌های غیردولتی در شهرهاي مورد مطالعه قرار گیرد. 2 Introduction: Reproductive health and paying attention to its different dimensions in national and international levels are the essential steps in providing social and family health, with an emphasis on women's health. Regarding the new applications of the term, “Reproductive Health” is dependent upon all aspects of girls' and women's lives and health. The point that women should enjoy their reproductive health, reproductive rights are considered as parts of human rights and also considering Islam’s support for this issue, the present research was carried out to determine women’s knowledge, attitude and behavior on reproductive health subjects. Materials & Methods: This is a cross-sectional and analytical-descriptive study carried out in seven central cities of Iran in 2005. The subjects consisted of 840 married women, aged 15-49 years, who attended urban and rural health centers and were selected in a 3-stage sampling method. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire completed through interviews. The data were entered into and analyzed by SPSS, version 11.5. Applied statistical tests in this research was Kruskal- Wallis non parametric test, 2 and Pearson correlation test. Results: According to the results, 62% of the women were familiar with the term reproductive health and 66.4% of them used effective contraceptive methods, although they obtained an average of 9.21 (from a maximum mark of 14 for knowledge), just 18% of them knew the appropriate time for Pap smear and breast self-exam and also there were many misconceptions on HIV/AIDS. Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference between awareness of women in various cities with their educational achievements (p<0.05). Women's attitude about reproductive health was good but there were significant differences among women from different cities (p<0.05). The women’s behavior in many categories, such as Pap smear, breast self-exam and use of safe contraception methods need to be enhanced. Conclusion: Regarding the results and importance of women's reproductive health and rights, as well as instructive advocacy of Islam on the matter, promoting women's knowledge, attitude and behavior on reproductive health must be included on the agenda of health policy makers and non-governmental organizations in studied cities. 391 401 Seyyed Saeed SS Mazloomy Mahmood-Abad سید سعید مظلومی محمود آباد School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Iran mazloomy_s@yahoo.com Fatemeh F Shahidi فاطمه شهیدی Healthy Behavior & Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Healthy Behavior & Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Iran Masoumeh M Abbasi-Shavazi معصومه عباسی شوازی Healthy Behavior & Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Healthy Behavior & Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Iran Fatemeh F Shahrizadeh فاطمه شهری‌زاده Healthy Behavior & Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Healthy Behavior & Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Iran WomenReproductive healthReproductive rightsFamily planningContraceptive methodKnowledgeAttitudeBehavior 261.pdf Ministry of Health and Medical Education Burea of Population and Family Health. ‎Population and health in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Demographic and Health Servey(DHS). 1st ed. 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تشخیص و درمان لوکوسیتواسپرمی در مردان نابارور Identification and treatment of leukocytospermia in infertile men 2 1 نقش لوكوسيتها در دستگاه تناسلي مردان و مايع مني پيچيده و ديناميك است. لوكوسيتها در هر انزال وجود دارند و در سطوح مختلف فعاليت مي‌كنند. وجود تعداد زياد لوكوسيتها در مايع مني، نشانه مهمي دال بر وجود عفونت يا التهاب دستگاه تناسلي مرد است. از سوی دیگر در بسياري از مطالعات لوكوسيتواسپرمي با ناباروري مرد همراهي داشته است. كاهش تعداد، میزان حركت اسپرمها و همچنين افزايش درصد شكل‌هاي غيرطبيعي آنها و افزايش سلول‌هاي ژرمينال نابالغ در مردان مبتلا به لوكوسيتواسپرمي گزارش شده است. سازمان بهداشت جهاني، وجود یک میلیون WBC يا بيشتر در هر ميلي‌ليتر مايع مني را معادل لوكوسيتواسپرمي تعريف مي‌كند. مشكلات تكنيكي در افتراق سلول‌هاي ژرمينال نابالغ موجود در مايع مني از لكوسيتها وجود دارد. براي اهداف باليني، عملي‌ترين روش براي تشخيص لوكوسيت در مايع مني، رنگ‌آميزي پراكسيداز است. مطالعات مختلف نشانگر محدوده وسيعي از شيوع لوکوسیتواسپرمی 2% تا حد 35% در بيماران نابارور است. عمده بررسيها در گروه‌هاي جمعيتي با تعداد زیاد بيماران، شيوعي در حد 20-12% را در تمام بيماران نابارور نشان مي‌دهد. تصور اينكه لوكوسيتواسپرمي فقط نتيجه عفونت دستگاه تناسلي مرد است، اشتباه است. عوامل محيطي همچون استعمال دخانيات، مصرف الكل و همچنين ماري‌جوانا تعداد لكوسيتها را در مايع مني افزايش مي‌دهد. پرهيز طولاني مدت از مقاربت و برخي روش‌هاي ارتباط جنسي (مثل مقاربت مقعدي) مي‌تواند موجب لوكوسيتواسپرمي شود. امروزه مستندات علمی متعدد، به لوكوسيتها و فرآورده‌های حاصل از آنها اشاره مي‌نمايند كه اثرات معني‌داري بر اسپرم و عملكرد آن دارند. از این رو تشخیص لوکوسیتواسپرمی، علل ایجادکننده و درمان آن جایگاه ویژه‌ای در بررسی زوج‌های نابارور دارد. 2 Leukocytes in the male genital tract and seminal fluid play a complex and dynamic role. Leuko-cytes are found in virtually every ejaculate and function at multiple levels. Presence of high leuko-cyte counts in seminal fluid is an important indicator of male genital tract infection or inflamma-tion. In many studies, leukocytospermia has been associated with male infertility. Decreased sperm count and motility, as well as increased abnormal sperm morphology and a high frequency of immature germ cells, have been reported in men with leukocytospermia. According to the World Health Organization, leukocytospermia is defined as the presence of 1 x 106 WBCs per milliliter of semen. Methodological problems have been found to interfere in differentiating WBCs from immature germ cells that are present in the seminal fluid. For clinical purposes, peroxidase staining is the most practical method of leukocyte detection in semen. A large number of studies have shown a wide range of leukocytospermia incidence in infertile men (from 2% to 35%). The majority of studies with the largest number of cases have estimated the prevalence of leukocytospermia to be between 12 and 20% among all infertile men. The assumption that leukocytospermia is merely the result of a subclinical male genital tract infec-tion is not correct. Environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and marijuana use, increase the number of WBCs in semen. Prolonged abstinence and certain sexual practices, such as anal sex, may also cause leukocytospermia. Nowadays, numerous scientific evidences refer to leukocytes and their products as effective factors on sperm and their functions. 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