<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>

<XML>
  <JOURNAL>   
    <YEAR>2007</YEAR>
    <VOL>8</VOL>
    <NO>3</NO>
    <MOSALSAL>32</MOSALSAL>
    <PAGE_NO>102</PAGE_NO>  
    <ARTICLES>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>بررسی حضور رونوشتهای اختصاصی بيضه در اسپرم بالغ انسان</TitleF>
    <TitleE>Evaluating the presence of testis specific transcripts in mature human spermatozoa</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمینه و هدف: انجام صحیح و کامل روند اسپرماتوژنز مستلزم بیان تعداد بسیار زیادی ژن به صورت همزمان و یا با توالی خاص خود می‌باشد؛ به‌طوری که توقف یا اختلال در بیان هر یک از آنها ممکن است منجر به توقف يا اختلال در روند اسپرماتوژنز گردد. شناسایی این قبیل ژنها و ارزیابی عملکرد آنها اطلاعات ارزشمندی درباره نقش این ژنها در اسپرم بالغ، روند اسپرماتوژنز و نيز عملکرد بعدی آنها در فرآیند لقاح و تکوین جنین و نیز درک اساس مولکولی فرآیند لقاح و يافتن علل بسیاری از انواع ناباروری بدون علت، فراهم می‌کند. جهت بررسي مراحل مختلف روند اسپرماتوژ‍نز مي‌توان از ژن‌هايي استفاده كرد كه در مرحله و ردة سلولي خاصي از اين روند بيان مي‌شود.‍ در مطالعه حاضر بیان ژن‌های PRM1، TSGA10، AKAP4 PRM2، DAZ SYCP3 در اسپرم طبيعي انسان بررسی شد.
روش بررسی: نمونه مایع منی افراد دارای پارامترهای اسپرمی طبيعي (مطابق استانداردهای WHO) مراجعه کننده 
به مرکز درمان ناباروری و سقط مکرر ابن‌سینا، جمع‌آوری شد. اسپرم‌های متحرک با مرفولوژی طبیعی طی مراحل سانتریفوژ شیب غلظت با استفاده از گراديان &#174; Pure Sperm از نمونه‌های مایع منی افراد نرمواسپرم جدا گردید. بیان ژن SYCP3 با روش Nested RT-PCR و بیان ژن‌های DAZ، TSGA10 و PRM2، PRM1 و  AKAP4با روش RT-PCR بررسی و با توجه به بیان ژن‌های فوق در بیضه طبيعي از بافت بیضه به‌عنوان کنترل مثبت استفاده گردید.
نتایج: مطالعه روی cDNA حاصل از اسپرم‌های طبیعی نشان داد که ژن‌های TSGA10، DAZ، PRM2 وPRM1 در نمونه طبيعي بیضه (به‌عنوان کنترل) و در تمام نمونه‌های اسپرم تحت بررسی بیان می‌شوند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که ژن‌های AKAP4 و SYCP3 در اسپرم بالغ بیان نمی‌شوند.
نتیجه‌گیری: این مطالعه نشان داد که رونوشت ژن‌های TSGA10، PRM2، DAZ و  PRM1در اسپرم بالغ انسان حضور دارند. علت نگهداری انتخابی رونوشتها و عدم حضور رونوشت‌هایی مانندAKAP4  و SYCP3 در اسپرم بالغ نمایانگر انتقال گروهی از رونوشت‌های پدری به تخمک و نقش احتمالی آنها در مراحل بعدي عملكرد اسپرم می‌باشد. مطالعه و ردیابی این ژنها در مراحل اولیه تکوین جنین نتایج تازه‌ای از عملکرد این ژنها در فرآيند لقاح و تكوين جنين در اختیار قرار خواهد داد.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Progress and completion of spermatogenesis is related to simultaneous expression of various genes. Recent studies show that many genes are expressed in the sperm and several RNA copies are present in the mature spermatozoa. Identification of these genes and evaluation of their functions would improve our understanding of the molecular basis of fertilization, early embryo cleavage and the causes of many types of unexplained male infertility. In this study, we investigated the expression of DAZ, PRM1, PRM2, TSGA10, SYCP3 and AKAP4 genes in ejaculated human spermatozoa.  
Materials &amp; Methods: Semen samples were collected from men referring to Avicenna Infertility Clinic. Normal semen samples (According to WHO criteria) were subjected to density-gradient centrifugation to specifically recover the pure fraction of motile spermatozoa with normal morphology. Total RNA was extracted from sperm pellets and cDNA was synthesized using RT-PCR. The presence of DAZ, TSGA10, PRM1 and PRM2 cDNAs were evaluated using appropriate primers. Expression of SYCP3 (Testis specific gene) was evaluated by nested RT-PCR. The cDNA synthesized from normal testis tissues was used as positive control. 
Results: Study on cDNAs showed that DAZ, TSGA10, PRM1 and PRM2 transcripts were present in normal human testis and all of the evaluated mature spermatozoa samples but not AKAP4 or SYCP3 transcripts.
Conclusion: According to our previous study, the expression of SYCP3 and AKAP4 genes is started from spermatocyte level in human testis during spermatogenesis process. However, we did not found any transcripts of these genes in mature spermatozoa. It is estimated that mRNAs of TSGA10, PRM1, PRM2 and DAZ and other testis specific genes in spermatozoa may participate in later sperm functions such as fertilization and early embryo cleavage. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand the role of these transcripts in the process of fertilization and early embryo development.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>195</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>205</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Feryal</Name>
<MidName>F</MidName>
<Family>Aslani</Family>
<NameE>فریال</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>اصلانی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Biology, Faculty Basic Sciences, Alzahra University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Biology, Faculty Basic Sciences, Alzahra University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohammad Mehdi</Name>
<MidName>MM</MidName>
<Family>Akhondi</Family>
<NameE>محمدمهدی</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>آخوندی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohammad Hossein</Name>
<MidName>MH</MidName>
<Family>Modarresi</Family>
<NameE>محمدحسین </NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>مدرسی </FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Ashraf</Name>
<MidName>A</MidName>
<Family>Shabani</Family>
<NameE>اشرف</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>شبانی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Biology, Faculty Basic Sciences, Alzahra University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Biology, Faculty Basic Sciences, Alzahra University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mahmood</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Aarabi</Family>
<NameE>محمود</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>اعرابی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohammad Reza</Name>
<MidName>MR</MidName>
<Family>Sadeghi</Family>
<NameE> محمدرضا</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>صادقی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>Sadeghi@avicenna.ac.ir</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Gene expression</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Testis-specific genes</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Spermatogenesis</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Spermatozoa</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Transcript</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>283.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
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Mol Cell Endo-crinol. 2008;282(1-2):45-55.##Boerke A, Dieleman SJ, Gadella BM. A possible role for sperm RNA in early embryo development. Therio-genology. 2007;68 Suppl 1:S147-55.##Miller D, Ostermeier GC, Krawetz SA. The contro-versy, potential and roles of spermatozoal RNA. Trends Mol Med. 2005;11(4):156-63.##Wykes SM, Visscher DW, Krawetz SA. Haploid transcripts persist in mature human spermatozoa. Mol Hum Reprod. 1997;3(1):15-9.##Miller D. RNA in the ejaculate spermatozoon: a window into molecular events in spermatogenesis and a record of the unusual requirements of haploid gene expression and post-meiotic equilibration. Mol Hum Reprod. 1997;3(8):669-76.##Badawy SZ, Shue F, Chohan K, Hearn B. Varicoceles and sperm nuclear fragmentation? Fertil Steril. 2006;86 (4):1031.##Gur Y, Breitbart H. Mammalian sperm translate nuclear encoded proteins by mitochondrial-type ribosomes. Genes Dev. 2006;20(4):411-6.##Miller D, Briggs D, Snowden H, Hamlington J, Rollinson S, Lilford R, et al. A complex population of RNAs exists in human ejaculate spermatozoa: impli-cations for understanding molecular aspects of sper-miogenesis. Gene. 1999;237(2):385-92.##Hecht NB, Williams JL. Synthesis of RNA by separat-ed heads and tails from bovine spermatozoa. Biol Reprod. 1978;19(3):573-9.##Pessot CA, Brito M, Figueroa J, Concha, II, Yanez A, Burzio LO. Presence of RNA in the sperm nucleus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989;158(1):272-8.##Kumar G, Patel D, Naz RK. c-MYC mRNA is present in human sperm cells. Cell Mol Biol Res. 1993;39(2): 111-7.##Miller D, Tang PZ, Skinner C, Lilford R. Differential RNA fingerprinting as a tool in the analysis of sperma-tozoal gene expression. Hum Reprod. 1994;9(5):864-9.##Wykes SM, Miller D, Krawetz SA. Mammalian sper-matozoal mRNAs: tools for the functional analysis of male gametes. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 2000;32(1): 77-81.##Ostermeier GC, Dix DJ, Miller D, Khatri P, Krawetz SA. Spermatozoal RNA profiles of normal fertile men. Lancet. 2002;360(9335):772-7.##Miller D. Ensuring continuity of the paternal genome: potential roles for spermatozoal RNA in mammalian embryogenesis. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl. 2007;65:373-89.##Ostermeier GC, Miller D, Huntriss JD, Diamond MP, Krawetz SA. Reproductive biology: delivering sperma-tozoan RNA to the oocyte. Nature. 2004;429(6988): 154.##Miller D. Spermatozoal RNA as reservoir, marker and carrier of epigenetic information: implications for clon-ing. Reprod Domest Anim. 2007;42 Suppl 2:2-9.##Miller D, Ostermeier GC. Spermatozoal RNA: Why is it there and what does it do? Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2006;34(9):840-6.##Caldwell KA, Handel MA. Protamine transcript shar-ing among postmeiotic spermatids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88(6):2407-11.##Rassoulzadegan M, Grandjean V, Gounon P, Vincent S, Gillot I, Cuzin F. RNA-mediated non-mendelian inheritance of an epigenetic change in the mouse. Nature. 2006;441(7092):469-74.##SA OGaK. Spermatozoal RNA as a surrogate marker of paternal exposure. Boca Raton: CRC press 2006.##Lambard S, Galeraud-Denis I, Martin G, Levy R, Chocat A, Carreau S. Analysis and significance of mRNA in human ejaculated sperm from normo-zoospermic donors: relationship to sperm motility and capacitation. Mol Hum Reprod. 2004;10(7):535-41.##Parra MT, Viera A, Gomez R, Page J, Benavente R, Santos JL, et al. Involvement of the cohesin Rad21 and SCP3 in monopolar attachment of sister kinetochores during mouse meiosis I. J Cell Sci. 2004;117(Pt7): 1221-34.##Menke DB, Mutter GL, Page DC. Expression of DAZ, an azoospermia factor candidate, in human spermato-gonia. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;60(1):237-41.##Ostermeier GC, Goodrich RJ, Moldenhauer JS, Diamond MP, Krawetz SA. A suite of novel human spermatozoal RNAs. Journal of andrology. 2005;26(1): 70-4.##Joseph Sambrook DWR. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual CSHL Press 2001.##Marchuk D, Drumm M, Saulino A, Collins FS. Cons-truction of T-vectors, a rapid and general system for direct cloning of unmodified PCR products. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991;19(5):1154.##Aarabi M, Modarressi MH, Soltanghoraee H, Behjati R, Amirjannati N, Akhondi MM. Testicular expression of synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3) messen-ger ribonucleic acid in 110 patients with nonobstruc-tive azoospermia. Fertil Steril. 2006;86(2):325-31.##Warchol JB, Augustyniak S, Stecewicz D, Jankowska A. Detection of DAZ mRNA distribution in human testis using reverse transcription in situ PCR technique (RT-ISPCR). Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2001;39(2): 117-8.##Huang Z, Somanath PR, Chakrabarti R, Eddy EM, Vijayaraghavan S. Changes in intracellular distribution and activity of protein phosphatase PP1gamma2 and its regulating proteins in spermatozoa lacking AKAP4. Biol Reprod. 2005;72(2):384-92.##Mobasheri MB, Modarressi MH, Shabani M, Asga-rian H, Sharifian RA, Vossough P, et al. Expression of the testis-specific gene, TSGA10, in Iranian patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Leuk Res. 2006;30(7):883-9.##Behnam B, Modarressi MH, Conti V, Taylor KE, Puliti A, Wolfe J. Expression of Tsga10 sperm tail protein in embryogenesis and neural development: from cilium to cell division. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;344(4):1102-10.##Jane Christopher-Henningsa, , Matthew Dammena, Eric Nelsona, Raymond Rowlandb and Richard Oberstb Comparison of RNA extraction methods for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from boar semen journal of virological methods. 2006;136(1-2):248-53.##</REF>
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    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>اثر مورفولوژی اسپرم در میزان حاملگی به روش تلقيح داخل رحمي اسپرم</TitleF>
    <TitleE>Effects of sperm morphology on pregnancy rate in IUI cycles</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمینه و هدف: یکی از عوامل موثر برنازایی فاکتورهای مردانه می‌باشد. یکی از علل ناباروري، فاکتورهای مردانه شامل اختلال در تعداد، تحرك و مورفولوژی اسپرم می‌باشد. تلقیح داخل رحمی اسپرم (IUI) به‌طور گسترده‌ای جهت درمان زوج‌های نابارور ناشي از فاکتور مردانه به‌کار می‌رود. معیارهای تعداد اسپرم و تحرک آن و درصد اسپرم‌های داراي مورفولوژی طبيعي در ارزيابي كيفيت مايع مني مورد بررسي قرار مي‌گيرند. مطالعات متعددی به بررسی تعداد و تحرک اسپرم پرداخته است؛ ولی مطالعه مورفولوژی اسپرم در منطقه شمال كشور (مازندران) کمتر صورت گرفته است. لذا اين مطالعه موفقیت بارداري به روش IUI را در افراد داراي اسپرم‌هاي با مرفولوژی طبيعي کمتر از 5% و بیشتر از 5% مورد ارزیابی قرار مي‌دهد.
روش بررسی: مطالعه حاضر، مطالعه‌ای تحلیلی بود كه روی زوجين كانديد انجام IUI مراجعه كننده به دو مرکز ناباروری شهر بابل انجام شد. پس از طی مراحل اولیه و تحریک تخمک‌گذاری و رعایت نکات لازم جهت IUI، نمونه اسپرم از نظر تعداد، تحرک و مورفولوژی براساس معیار NAFA and ESHRE-SIGA 2002 مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. سپس نتايج حاصل از طریق نرم افزارآماری SPSS و با آزمون‌های رگرسيون لجستيك، t زوجي و تست دقيق فيشر مورد ارزیابی آماری قرار گرفت و 05/0p&lt; معنی‌دار در نظر گرفته شد.
نتایج: از 561 زوجي که براي آنها سیکل IUI انجام شد در 103 مورد بارداری در زوجين با مورفولوژی طبيعي بیش از 5% و4 مورد بارداری در زوجين با مورفولوژی کمتر از 5% مشاهده شد که از نظر آماری معنی‌دار بود (05/0p&lt;)؛ در 504 مورد از اين زوجين تعداد اسپرم بیش از million/ml20  بود، كه در اين گروه نتیجه IUI در موارد مرفولوژی اسپرم بیش از 5% به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از زوجين با مورفولوژی کمتر از 5% در اين گروه بود (4/21 نسبت به 6/5)، (01/0p&lt;). در 543 نفر از زوجين تحرک اسپرم بیش از 50% بود كه بررسي نتایج IUI در اين گروه نشان داد مواردي كه مورفولوژی اسپرم بیش از 5% بود به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از موارد با مورفولوژی اسپرم کمتر از 5% در اين گروه بود (5/20 نسبت به3/8)، (05/0p&lt;).
نتیجه‌گیری: نتیجه مطالعه نشان داد که مورفولوژی طبيعي اسپرم بیش از 5% می‌تواند فاکتوري تعیین کننده و تأثیرگذار بر روی نتایج IUI باشد و مورفولوژي نرمال اسپرم همراه با تعداد و تحرك نرمال نقش بسزايي در افزايش ميزان بارداري دارد؛ لذا پيشنهاد مي‌شود علاوه بر بررسي تعداد و تحرك به بررسي مورفولوژي نيز توجه شود.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: One of the causes of infertility is due to male factors (Sperm count, sperm motility and morphology). Male factor infertility may be due to disorders in the number of spermatozoa, sperm motility or sperm morphology. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is routinely used to help couples with male factor infertility. The criteria used to evaluate semen quality include sperm concentration, sperm motility and the percentage of sperm with normal morpho-logy. Several studies have been done on motility and sperm concentration but few studies have been done on sperm morphology. In this study, we evaluated IUI success rates in normal sperm morphologies that were greater or fewer than 5% in the Northern part of Iran (Mazandaran).
Materials &amp; Methods: This analytical study was performed on patients referred to two inferti-lity centers in Babol after ovulation induction. After collecting sperm specimens from the cases, the samples were kept in sterile tubes and then they were washed and swum up before perform-ing IUIs. Sperm concentration, motility and morphology were evaluated according to NAFA and ESHRE-SIGA criteria (2002). Statistical analysis was done by SPSS software using logistic regression, paired t-tests and Fisher’s exact test. A p–value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Out of 561 patients,  IUIs were successful in 103 (20.2%) patients with normal sperm morphology greater than 5% and in 4 (7.7%) patients with normal sperm morphology fewer than 5%; the difference being statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). In 504 cases with sperm concen-trations greater than 20 million/ml, IUI success rates in subjects with normal sperm morphology greater than 5 % were significantly higher than cases with normal sperm morphology fewer than 5% (21.4:5.6), (p&lt;0.01). In 543 cases with sperm motility greater than 50%, IUI success rates were significantly higher in patients with normal sperm morphology greater than 5% compared to the cases with normal sperm morphology fewer than 5% (20.5:8.3), (p&lt;0.05). 
Conclusion: It seems that normal sperm morphology &gt;5% is an important and effective factor in IUI outcomes and normal sperm morphology, alongside sperm counts and normal motility, has an essential role in increasing pregnancy rates. Therefore, it is suggested that in addition to sperm counts and motility, evaluations of sperm morphology be included in the work up too.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>205</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>213</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Sedigheh</Name>
<MidName>S</MidName>
<Family>Esmaeilzadeh</Family>
<NameE></NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE></FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Obs. &amp;amp; Gyn., Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Obs. &amp; Gyn., Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>sesmael@yahoo.com</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mehrdad</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Farsi</Family>
<NameE>مهرداد</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>فارسی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Anatomy &amp;amp; Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Anatomy &amp; Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Ali</Name>
<MidName>A</MidName>
<Family>Bijany</Family>
<NameE>علی</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>بیژنی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Babol University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Babol University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Intra uterine insemination</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Sperm motility</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Sperm morphology</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Sperm count</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Infertility</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Semen analysis</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Assisted Reproductive Techniques</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>284.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>Berek JS. Infertility. In: Yao M, Schust D. (Editors). Novak,s Gynecology. 13th Edition. Williams &amp; Wilkins Company. 2002;p:973-1046.##Ajossa S, Mellis GB, Cianci A, Coccia MF ,Fulghesu AM, Giuffrida G, et al. An open multicenter study to compare the efficacy of intraperitoneal insemination and intrauterine insemination following multiple folli-cular development at treatment for unexplained inferti-lity. J Assist Reprod Genet. 1997;14(1):15-20.##Ryan KJ, Berkowitz RS, Barbiere RL, Dunai FA. Infer-tility. In: Mitchell S. Barbiere RL. Dunai FA. Inferti-lity. In: Mitchell S. Barbiere RL (Editors). Kistner,s Gynecology principles and practice, 7th Edition, Mosby Yearbook. 1999;p:325-65.##Keye WR, Chang RJ, Rebar RW, Semen analysis, sperm processing IVF, techniques in ART. WB. Saun-ders Company. 1995;p:788-9.##Ferraro F, Costa M, Ferraiolo A, Anserini P, Remor-gida V, Capitanio G. Intrauterine insemination with husband’s semen as alternative to other assisted repro-duction techniques. Acta Eur Fertile. 1995;pp;26(2): 63-7.##Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrino-logy and infertility. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins (LWW). 7th Edition. 2005;pp: 1143.##Karabinus DS, Gelety TJ. The impact of sperm mor-phology evaluated by strict criteria on intrauterine inse-mination success. Fertil Steril. 1997:67:536.##Botchan A, Hauser R, Gamzu R, Yoger L, Paz G. Results of 6139  artificial insemination cycles with donor spermatozoa. Hum Reprod. 2001:16:2298.##Wilf DP, Patton PE, Burry KA, Kaplan PF. Intrauterine Insemination ready versus conventional semen cryo-preservation for donor insemination: a comparison of retrospective results and a prospective, randomized trial. Fertil Steril. 2001;76:181.##Wainer R, Albert M, Dorion A, Bailly M, Bergere  M, Lomborro  R. Gombault  M, Selva J. Influence of the number of spermatozoa  inseminated and of  their mor-phology on the success of intrauterine insemination. Hum Reprod. 2004:19(9):2060-5.##Saucedo de la Llata E, Moraga Sanchez MR, Batiza Resendiz V, Galache Vega P, Santos Halisack R, et al. Influence of sperm morphology on results of intraute-rine  insemination. Ginecol Obstet Mex.2003;71:455-9.##Ombelet W, Deblaerek, Bosmans E, CoxA, Jacob P, Janssen M, Nijs M. semen quality and Intrauterine  Insemination. Reprod Biomed Online. 2003;7(4):485-92.##Lee  RK, Hou Jw, Ho  Hy, Hwu Ym, Lin  MH, Tsai Yc, Su JT. Sperm morphology analysis using strict criteria as a prognostic factor in Intrauterine  Insemina-tion. Int J Androl. 2002;25:277.##Check ML, Bollendorf A, Check JH, Katsoff D. Ree-valuation of clinical importance of evaluating sperm morphology using strict criteria. Arch Androl. 2002;48 (1):1-3.##بصیرت زهراء حسینی، مسروره فارسی، مهرداد بیژنی علی. بررسی ارتباط پارامترهای اسپرم با موفقیت IUI درمرکز نازایی فاطمه الزهراء بابل. مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، بهار 1385، مسلسل 39، صفحات: 42-49.##Kruger TF, Acosta AA, Simmons KF, Swanson RJ, Matta JF. Predictive value of abnormal sperm mor-phology. Hum Repord. 1996;11:1445.##Oehninger S, Acosta AA. Morshedi M, Veeck LL, Swanson RJ, Simmons K. Corrective measure and pregnancy outcome in vitro fertilization patients with severe sperm morphology abnormalities. Fertil Steril. 1988;50(1):283-87.##Lindheim SR, Barad DH, Zinger M, Witt B, Amin H, Fisch H, et al. Abnormal sperm morphology is highly predictive of pregnancy outcome during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination. J Assist Reprod Genet. 1996;13(7):569-72.##Ombelet W, Bosman E, Janssen M, Cox A, Vlasselaer J, Gielen J, Poiiet H, Maes M, S teeno O, Kruger T. Semen parameters in a infertile versus subfertile population: a need for change in the interpretation of semen testing .Hum Reprod. 1997;12:987.##Lee RK, Hou JW, Ho Hy, Hwu YM, Lin MH, Tsai YC, et al. Sperm morphology analysis using strict cri-teria as a prognostic factor in intrauterine insemination. Int J Androl. 2002;25(5):277-80.##Montanaro Gauci M, Kruger TF, Coetzee K, Smith K, Van Der Merwe JP, Lombard CJ. Stepwise regression analysis to study male and female factors impacting on pregnancy rate in an Intrauterine Insemination prog-ram. Andrologia. 2001;33(3);135-41.##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>انتخاب جنس فرزند با جداسازي اسپرم به روش گراديان آلبومين در سيكل‌هاي تلقيح داخل رحمي اسپرم</TitleF>
    <TitleE>Sex selection by using albumin gradient technique for sperm separation in IUI cycles</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: از جمله دغدغه‌هاي زوجين، به‌خصوص در كشورهاي آسيايي، دستيابي به فرزند پسر مي‌باشد. اين خواسته معمولاً در زوجين بارور در مقايسه با افراد نابارور از شدت بيشتري برخوردار است. يكي از روش‌هاي نسبتاً ساده، ارزان قيمت و قابل انجام در مراكز ناباروري كه نيازي به مواد شيميايي سمي جهت جداسازي اسپرم‌هاي X و Y ندارد، روش اريكسون جهت جداسازي اسپرم با گراديان آلبومين مي‌باشد. لذا، هدف اين مطالعه بررسي نتايج مربوط به انتخاب جنس نوزاد به روش جداسازي اسپرم با استفاده از روش اريكسون در افراد بارور و نابارور تحت درمان IUI بود.
روش بررسي: مطالعه از نوع توصيفي‌ـ تحليلي بود و نمونه‌ها، 32 زوج (30 زوج بارور و 2 زوج نابارور) متقاضي تعيين جنسيت فرزند (31 زوج خواهان فرزند پسر و 1 زوج خواهان فرزند دختر) به روش اريكسون بودند. پس از بررسي اوليه نمونه اسپرم با استفاده از گراديان آلبومين، اسپرمها طي كمتر از دو ساعت آماده شدند و با كاتتر ترانسفر مقدار l500-400 محلول حاوي بيش از 10 ميليون اسپرم به حفره رحمي تزريق شد. تمام افراد كانديدا، جهت انجام IUI، تحريك تخمك‌گذاري شده بودند. داده‌ها با نرم افزار SPSS و با استفاده از آزمون 2،  tو ناپارامتري ويلكاكسون محاسبه شد.
نتايج: از مجموع 32 زوج تحت مطالعه 30 زوج قبل از درمان داراي حداقل يك فرزند بودند. با جداسازي اسپرم به روش گراديان آلبومين و IUI ميزان بارداري 4/34% بود كه از اين میزان 4 مورد سقط شدند. ميزان تولد 8/21% و دستيابي به جنس دلخواه در بين تولدها 4/71% بود. نتايج نشان داد كه دو پارامتر تحرك پيشرونده تند، کند و نيز مرفولوژي طبيعي اسپرم بعد از جداسازي اسپرم با گراديان آلبومين افزايش يافت (به ترتيب 001/0p&lt;، 05/0p&lt; و 05/0p&lt;). در ضمن میزان تحرک پیشرونده و مورفولوژی طبیعی اسپرم در افرادی که صاحب فرزند پسر شدند، بیشتر از سایرین بود. فقط يك زوج خواهان فرزند دختر بودند كه صاحب فرزند پسر شدند.
نتيجه‌گيري: روش گراديان آلبومين كه توسط اريكسون ابداع شد، روش بسيار مناسبي براي جداسازي اسپرم‌هاي X و Y و در نتيجه تعيين جنسيت پسر در زوجين بارور مي‌باشد. كارايي اين روش براي افراد نابارور نياز به مطالعه وسيعتر دارد. در ضمن، روش گراديان آلبومين به علت عدم استفاده از مواد شيميايي سمي جهت جداسازي اسپرم و نيز عدم دستكاري جنين، روشي مطمئن مي‌باشد.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: One of the primary desirers of couples, especially in Asian countries, is to have a male offspring. This wish is generally higher in fertile than infertile couples. One of the tech-niques used in infertility centers for separating the spermatozoa containing Y or X chromosomes, is the Ericsson method that is simple, cheap and practical with application of no toxic material. The goal of this study was to evaluate the results of sex selection with sperm separation using albumin gradient technique in fertile and infertile couples under IUI treatment cycles.
Materials &amp; Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical study. A total of 32 couples (30 fertile and 2 infertile couples) were enrolled for sex selection techniques (31 asking for male and one for female offsprings) using Ericsson method. Following sperm evaluation, the sperm samples were prepared with Ericsson technique in less than 2 hours. Through a transfer catheter
400-500μl of the fluid, containing more than 1&#215;106 spermatozoa, was transferred into uterine cavity. All candidates had been super-ovulated for IUI cycles. The data were analyzed using χ2, t-test and Wilcoxon nonparametric tests.
Results: Out of 32 couples under study, 30 individuals already had one child. The rate of pregnancy after IUI plus albumin gradient was 34.4%. The pregnancies of 4 couples were aborted. The live birth rate was 21.8% and achieving the desirable offspring was 71.4% among the born babies. The findings also showed that two sperm parameters of fast and slow motilities and normal morphology, following sperm separation with albumin gradient, were significantly increased (p&lt;0.001, p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.05, respectively). In addition, the rate of sperm progressive motility and normal morphology was higher in subjects who gave birth to male offsprings than other candidates. Only one couple had asked for a female offspring, but the process resulted in a normal male infant.
Conclusion: The separation of spermatozoa by albumin gradient technique, which was introduced by Ericsson, is a suitable technique for sex selection of offsprings. However, the applicability of this technique for infertile couples needs further studies. The aforementioned technique is considered safe, since it neither requires toxic materials during sperm separation, nor involves embryo manipulation.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>213</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>221</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohammad Ali</Name>
<MidName>MA</MidName>
<Family>Khalili</Family>
<NameE>محمد علی</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>خلیلی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Embryology, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Embryology, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>khalili59@hotmail.com</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Behnaz</Name>
<MidName>B</MidName>
<Family>Khani</Family>
<NameE>بهناز</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>خانی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Obs. &amp;amp; Gyn., Fertility &amp;amp; Infertility Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Obs. &amp; Gyn., Fertility &amp; Infertility Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Shokoofeh</Name>
<MidName>Sh</MidName>
<Family>Baghazadeh</Family>
<NameE>شکوفه</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>بقازاده</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Obs. &amp;amp; Gyn., Fertility &amp;amp; Infertility Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Obs. &amp; Gyn., Fertility &amp; Infertility Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Nasim</Name>
<MidName>N</MidName>
<Family>Tabibnejad</Family>
<NameE>نسیم</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>طبیب نژاد</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Infertility Research and Clinical Center, Shahid Sadoughi Medical Sciences University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Infertility Research and Clinical Center, Shahid Sadoughi Medical Sciences University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Sex selection</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Albumin gradient</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Intra uterine insemination</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Sperm</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Sperm motility</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Sperm morphology</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>285.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>Jaffe SB, Jewelewicz R, Wahl E, Khatamee MA. A controlled study for gender selection. Fertil Steril. 1991;56(2):254-8.##Silverman AY, Stephens SR, Drouin MT, Zack RG, Osborne J, Ericsson SA. Female sex selection using clomiphene citrate and albumin separation of human sperm. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(5):1254-6.##Johnson LA, Welch GR, Keyvanfar K, Dorfmann A, Fugger EF, Schulman JD. Gender preselection in humans? Flow cytometric separation of X and Y spermatozoa for the prevention of X-linked diseases. Hum Reprod. 1993;8(10):1733-9.##Fugger EF. Clinical experience with flow cytometric separation of human X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm. Theriogenology. 1999;52(8):1435-40.##Platteau P, Sermon K, Seneca S, Van Steirteghem A, Devroey P, Liebaers I. Preimplantation genetic diagno-sis for fragile Xa syndrome: difficult but not impossi-ble. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(11):2807-12.##Kahraman S, Bahce M, Samli H, Imirzalioglu N, Yakisn K, Cengiz G, Donmez E. Healthy births and ongoing pregnancies obtained by preimplantation genetic diagnosis in patients with advanced maternal age and recurrent implantation failure. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(9):2003-7.##Schulman JD, Karabinus DS. Scientific aspects of pre-conception gender selection. Reprod Biomed Online. 2005; Suppl 1:111-5.##Holt WV, O&#39;brien J, Abaigar T. Applications and inter-pretation of computer-assisted sperm analyses and sperm sorting methods in assisted breeding and compa-rative research. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2007;19(6):709-18.##Ericsson RJ, Langevin CN, Nishino M. Isolation of fractions rich in human Y sperm. Nature. 1973;246 (5433):421-4.##Rose GA, Wong A. Experiences in Hong Kong with the theory and practice of the albumin column method of sperm separation for sex selection. Hum Reprod. 1998;13(1):146-9.##Jacobsen R, Moller H, Engholm G. Fertility rates in Denmark in relation to the sexes of preceding children in the family. Hum Reprod. 1999;14(4):1127-30.##Missmer SA, Jain T. Preimplantation sex selection demand and preferences among infertility patients in Midwestern United States.J Assist Reprod Genet. 2007;24(10):451-457.##Cran DG. XY sperm separation and use in artificial insemination and other ARTs. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl. 2007;65:475-91.##Pyrzak R, Garrison CP. Application of DNA in situ hybridization using biotinylated probes of human X and Y sperm. J. Androl, 1990;11(Suppl.):46.##Pyrzak R. Separation of X- and Y-bearing human sper-matozoa using albumin gradients. Hum Reprod. 1994;9 (10):1788-90.##Vidal F, Moragas M, Catal&#224; V, Torell&#243; MJ, Santal&#243; J, Calder&#243;n G, Gimenez C, Barri PN, Egozcue J, Veiga A. Sephadex filtration and human serum albumin gradients do not select spermatozoa by sex chromo-some: a fluorescent in-situ hybridization study. Hum Reprod. 1993;8(10):1740-3.##Beernink FJ, Dmowski WP, Ericsson RJ.Sex preselec-tion through albumin separation of sperm. Fertil Steril. 1993;59(2):382-6.##Khatamee MA, Horn SR, Weseley A, Farooq T, Jaffe SB, Jewelewicz R. A controlled study for gender selec-tion using swim-up separation.Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1999;48(1):7-13.##Dahl E, Beutel M, Brosig B, Hinsch KD. Preconcep-tion sex selection for non-medical reasons:a represent-tative survey from Germany. Hum Reprod. 2003;18 (10):2231-4.##Ericsson SA, Ericsson RJ. Couples with exclusively female offspring have an increased probability of a male child after using male sex preselection. Hum Reprod. 1992;7(3):372-3.##Ross A, Robinson JA, Evans HJ. Failure to confirm separation of X- and Y-bearing human sperm using BSA gradients.Nature. 1975;253(5490):354-5.##Wang HX, Flaherty SP, Swann NJ, Matthews CD. Assessment of the separation of X- and Y-bearing sperm on albumin gradients using double-label fluore-scence in situ hybridization. Fertil Steril. 1994;61(4): 720-6.##نصر اصفهانی محمد حسین، احمدی سید مهدی، کلانتری سید اسدالله و همکاران. دستیابی به جنسیت مورد نظر در بیماران بارور و نابارور که تحت درمان تزریق داخل رحمی اسپرم به روش آلبومین قرار گرفتند. مجله دانشکده پزشکی اصفهان،شماره 21، تابستان و پاییز 1382، صفحه 24-28.##WHO: World Health Organization laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus intraction. 4th Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1999;126.##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>بررسی فراوانی لژیونلا نموفیلا در زنان باردار مبتلا به عفونت تنفسی به وسیله روش‌هایNested PCR-RFLP و ELISA بر روی نمونه ادرار</TitleF>
    <TitleE>Detection of Legionella pneumophila by nested PCR-RFLP and ELISA on urine specimens of pregnant women with respiratory infections</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: پنوموني در دوران بارداري مي‌تواند عواقب بدي هم براي مادر و هم براي جنين داشته باشد. بنابراين تشخيص و درمان سريع بيماري از اهمیت به‌سزایی برخوردار است. لژيونلا نموفيلا يکي از علل پنوموني آتيپيكال در جمعيت‌هاي مختلف مي‌باشد. مطالعات در زمينه عفونت لژيونلايي به دوران بارداري محدود مي‌باشد. بيماران مبتلا به عفونت لژيونلايي براي مدت نامحدودي LPS و DNA باکتري را در ادرار خود دفع مي‌کنند، بنابراين بکارگیری توام PCR و ELISA (تشخيص آنتي‌ژن باكتريايي) بهترين ابزار تشخيص بیماری مي‌باشد. اين تحقيق به منظور تعيين فراواني عفونت لژيونلا نموفيلا در زنان باردار مبتلا به عفونت تنفسي انجام گرفت.
روش بررسي: اين مطالعه توصيفي‌ـ تحليلي روي 95 مادر باردار 41-15 ساله مبتلا به عفونت تنفسي مراجعه‌كننده به درمانگاه‌هاي مامايي بيمارستان‌هاي وابسته به سازمان تأمين اجتماعي و دانشگاه علوم پزشكي تهران از زمستان 84 تا تابستان 85 انجام شد. وجود عفونت لژيونلايي به روش RFLP-PCR Nested و آزمون ELISA روي نمونه ادرار بيماران مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. داده‌هاي پرسشنامه‌ها همراه با نتايج آزمايشات تحت برنامهSPSS  (ويرايش 13) و با استفاده از آزمون‌هاي آماري t مستقل،‌ فیشر، 2، مدل لجستيك و مک نمار مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت و سطح معنی‌داری 5% درنظر گرفته شد. 
نتايج: شيوع عفونت در نمونه مورد بررسي با استفاده از روش مولكولي 1/22% (1/30%- 1/14%CI=) و با استفاده از روش الايزا 2/4%  (2/8%-0/2%CI=) بدست آمد؛ كه اين تفاوت از نظر آماري معني‌‌دار بود (005/0p&lt;). شايع‌ترين علايم بيماري در بين شرکت‌کنندگان شامل تب 1/22%، لرز 8/35%، سرفه 8/56%، سردرد 7/54%، اسهال 4/8% و درد شکمي 9/38% بود. بررسيها نشان داد كه شيوع علايم تب، لرز، درد شكمي و سابقه بيماريهاي كبدي و كليوي در افراد با PCR مثبت به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر بود (به ترتيب 001/0p&lt;، 05/0p&lt;). همين ارتباط بين علايم لرز و تب با نتيجه تست ELISA نيز وجود داشت (05/0p&lt;)، ولي بين ساير متغيرهاي مورد بررسي با نتیجه تست ارتباط آماري معني‌داري یافت نشد. 
نتيجه‌گيري: با توجه به شيوع 1/22درصدي بيماري در اين مطالعه مي‌توان گفت كه فراواني اين عفونت در زنان باردار مورد بررسي زياد است و از آنجایی كه تست‌هاي تشخيصي سريع مثل PCR در حال حاضر در دسترس مي‌باشد؛ لذا جهت درمان مناسب و به‌موقع به‌منظور پيشگيري از عوارض مادري و جنيني پيشنهاد مي‌شود اين تست به‌عنوان يكي از آزمايشها در مبتلايان به عفونت‌هاي تنفسي خصوصاً در مادران باردار درخواست شود. انجام آزمايشات PCR و ELISA روي نمونه ادرار براي شناسايي گونه‌هاي لژيونلا مناسب بوده و مي‌تواند نتايج را در کمتر از يک روز مشخص کند كه کمک بسيار بزرگي در تشخيص و درمان به موقع پنوموني لژيونلا بويژه در دوران بارداري مي‌باشد.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Pneumonia during pregnancy can induce serious consequences to the mother and the fetus, therefore its diagnosis and therapy is very important. There are few published articles on Legionella infection prevalence during pregnancy. In patients with Legionellosis, bacterial LPS and DNA are excreted into urine for extended periods, so combination of PCR and ELISA methods would be a good diagnostic tool. This research was done to determine the prevalence of L. pneumophila in pregnant women with respiratory infections.
Materials &amp; Methods: This is a cross-sectional study on 95 pregnant women with respiratory infection carried out during winter to summer 2006. Presence of Legionella infection was con-firmed by nested PCR-RFLP and antigen detection in urine specimens by ELISA method. The data were analyzed by SPSS, version 13, by using independent t tests, Fisher’s exact test, χ2, a logistic model and McNemar’s test,  while considering p&lt;0.05 as significant.
Results: The prevalence of infection using PCR was 22.1% (CI=14.1%-30.1%) and by ELISA it was 4.2% (CI=2%-8.2%); this difference was statistically significant (p&lt;0.005). The most pre-valent clinical features were Cough (56.8%), headache (54.7%), abdominal pain (38.9%), chills (35.8%), fever (22.1%) and diarrhea (8.4%). There were significant statistical relationships bet-ween cases with a positive CRP and fever, chills and abdominal pain and previous liver or renal problems (p&lt;0.05, p&lt;0.001). There were significant relationships between fever and chills with ELISA results (p&lt;0.05) but no relationships with other variables. 
Conclusion: There was a considerable prevalence of this infection in the studied population (22.1%). It seems that performing PCR &amp; ELISA tests on urine sample is suitable in detecting Legionella species and it can provide results in a less than a day_ a great help in the diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia especially during pregnancy.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>221</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>230</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Leili</Name>
<MidName>L</MidName>
<Family>Chamani Tabriz</Family>
<NameE>لیلی</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>چمنی تبریز</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>lchamani@avicenna.ac.ir</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mahmood</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Jeddi-Tehrani</Family>
<NameE>محمود </NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>جدی‌تهرانی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Shila</Name>
<MidName>Sh</MidName>
<Family>Motahari</Family>
<NameE>سیده شیلا</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>مطهری</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Microbiology, Azad University of Jahrom</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Microbiology, Azad University of Jahrom</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Hojjat</Name>
<MidName>H</MidName>
<Family>Zeraati</Family>
<NameE>حجت</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>زراعتی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Publi Health, Tehran Medical Sciences University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Publi Health, Tehran Medical Sciences University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Soheila</Name>
<MidName>S</MidName>
<Family>Asgari</Family>
<NameE>سهیلا</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>عسگری</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohammad</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Karegar</Family>
<NameE>محمد</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>کارگر</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Microbiology, Azad University of Jahrom</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Microbiology, Azad University of Jahrom</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Mahyar</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Ostad Karampour</Family>
<NameE>مهیار</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>استادکرم‌پور</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Legionella pneumophila</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Pregnancy</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Pneumonia</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Molecular</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>ELISA</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>286.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>Sohn J W, Park S C, Choi Y H, Woo H J, Cho Y K, Lee J S, et al. Atypical pathogens as etiologic agents in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneu-monia in Korea: a prospective multi-center study. J Korean Med Sci. 2006;21(4):602-7.##Ngeow Y F, Suwanjutha S, Chantarojanasriri T, Wang F, Saniel M, Alejandria M, et al. An Asian study on the prevalence of atypical respiratory pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia. Int J Infect Dis. 2005; 9(3):144-53.##Behbehani N, Mahmood A, Mokaddas E M, Bittar Z, Jayakrishnan B, Khadadah M, et al. Significance of atypical pathogens among community-acquired pneu-monia adult patients admitted to hospital in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract. 2005;14(4):235-40.##Nagai T, Sobajima H, Iwasa M, Tsuzuki T, Kura F, Amemura-Maekawa J, et al. Neonatal sudden death due to legionella pneumophila associated with water birth in a domestic spa bath, J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41(5):2227-9.##Montagna M T, Napoli C, Tato D, Spilotros G, Barbuti G, Barbuti S. Clinical-environmental surveil-lance of legionellosis: an experience in southern Italy. Eur J Epidemiol. 2006;21(4):325-31.##Murdoch D R, Walford E J, Jennings L C, Light G j, Schouseboe M I, Chershsky AY, et al. Use the poly-merase chain reaction to detect legionella DNA in urine and serum samples from patient with pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25(4):939.##Blazquez R M, Espinosa F J, Martinez-Toldos C M, Alemany L, Garcia-Orenes M C, Segovia M. Sensiti- vity of urinary antigen test in relation to clinical severity in a large outbreak of Legionella pneumonia in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;24(7): 488-91.##KO K S, Hong S K, Lee K H, Lee H K, Park M Y, Miyamoto H, et al. Detection and identification of legionella pneumophila by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the RNA polymerase gene (rpoB). J Microbial Methods. 2003; 54:325-337.##Murdoch D R. Diagnosis of legionella infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(1):64-9##Edelstein P H, Cianciotto N P. Legionella, Mandell G L, Dolin R, Bennette J E. 6th Editin, Published by Else-vier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia. 2005;p: 2239-51.##Fields B S, Benson R F, Besset R E. Legionella and Legionnaires&#39; disease: 25 years of investigation. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15(3):506-26.##Kim M J, Sohn J W, Park D W, Park S C, Chun B C. Characterization of a lipoprotein common to Legio-nella species as a urinary broad-spectrum antigen for diagnosis of Legionnaires&#39; disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(7):2974-9.##Eisenberg V H, Eidelman L A, Arbel R, Ezra Y. Legionnaire&#39;s disease during pregnancy: a case presen-tation and review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1997;72(1):15-8.##Vimercati A, Greco P, Bettocchi S, Resta L, Selvaggi L. Legionnaire&#39;s disease complicating pregnancy: a case report with intrauterine fetal demise. J Perinat Med. 2000;28(2):147-50.##Sambrook J, Russell DW. Preparation and analysis of eukaryotic genomic DNA, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 3rd Edition. Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001;pp:6.28-6.30.##Nielsen K, Hindersson P, Hoiby N, Bangsborg J M. Sequencing of the rpoB Gene in Legionella pneu-mophila and Characterization of Mutations Associated with Rifampin Resistance in the Legionellaceae. Anti-microb Agents Chemother. 2000;44(10):2679-2683.##Sopena N, Pedro-botet M L, Sabria M, Garsia D. Comparative study of community-acquired pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, legionella pneu-mophila or chlamydia pneumoniae. Scand J Infect Disease. 2004;36:330-334.##Welte T, Marre R, Suttorp N. What is new in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Med Klin. 2006;101(4):313-20.##Huang H H, Zhang Y Y, Xiu Q Y, Zhou X, Huang S G, Lu Q, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in Shanghai, China: microbial etiology and implications for empirical therapy in a prospective study of 389 patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;25(6): 369-74.##Al-Ali M K, Batchoun R G, Al-Nour T M. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients in Jordan. Saudi Med J. 2006; 27(6):813-6.##Gaillac N, Floccard B, Ould T, Benatir F, Levrat A, Meunier P, et al. Legionella pneumophila pneumonia during pregnancy: a case report, J Infect. 2006;52(6): 63-4.##Su H P, Tseng L R, Chou C Y, Chung T C, Pan T M. Legionella pneumophila infection in the Taiwan area. J Infect Chemother. 2005;11(5):244-9.##حسینی دوست سید رضا، سیل دیوید. جداسازی لژیونلا از سیستم آب بیمارستانها (بخشهای پیوند عضو). مجله پزشکی کوثر. سال سوم(1377)، شماره سوم، صفحات150-145.##خسرو شاهی نادر، موسویان مجتبی. جداسازی و تعیین هویت عوامل بیماری لژیونر از تجهیزات درمانی و منابع محیطی، مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی- درمانی قزوین. 1382، شماره 29، صفحات 74-70.##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>مقايسه 17-α- هيدروكسي پروژسترون كاپروات با پروژسترون روغني در حمايت از فازلوتئال در سيكل‌هاي تلقيح داخل رحمي اسپرم</TitleF>
    <TitleE>Comparing 17α–hydroxyprogesterone caproate and progesterone in oil for luteal phase support in IUI cycles</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: حمايت فاز لوتئال در بيماران تحريك تخمك‌گذاري شده وIUI هنوز در بعضي از مراكز بطور روتين انجام مي‌شود. هدف از اين مطالعه، مقايسه اثر پروژسترون روغني با 17-α-هيدروكسي پروژسترون براي حمايت فازلوتئال در اين بيماران بود.
روش بررسي: در اين كارآزمايي باليني، 162 بيمار كه در مركز درمان ناباروري منتصريه مشهد در سال 85-1384 تحريك تخمك‌گذاري و IUI شده بودند به طور تصادفي تحت درمان با 17-α- هيدروكسي پروژسترون كاپروات (mg250، عضلاني، هفته‌اي يك بار) يا پروژسترون روغني (mg50، عضلاني، روزانه) تا زمان اندازه‌گيري BHCG  سرم قرار گرفتند. سپس در بيماراني كه α-hCG آنها مثبت بود، اين درمان تا هفته 12 بارداري ادامه يافت. تجزيه و تحليل اطلاعات با استفاده از آزمون‌هاي آماري t ، α2 و دقيق فيشر انجام شد و p-value در سطح كمتر از 05/0 معني‌دار در نظر گرفته شد.
نتايج: نتيجه IUI در دو گروه تحت مطالعه مقايسه شد. اختلاف معني‌داري در پيامد بارداري در پارامترهاي تحت بررسي مانند وجود بارداري شيميايي (69/0=p)، بارداري باليني (3/0=p) و ادامه بارداري تا هفته 20 (831/0=p) بدست نيامد؛ در حاليكه عوارض ناشي از تحريك تخمك‌گذاري، IUI و بارداري و به طور معني‌داري در گروه 17-α- هيدروكسي پروژسترون كمتر (002/0p=) و رضايتمندي بيماران در اين گروه به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر بود (003/0=p).
نتيجه‌گيري: نتايج اين مطالعه تأييد مي‌كند كه استفاده از 17-α- هيدروكسي پروژسترون براي حمايت فاز لوتئال در بيماران تحريك تخمك‌گذاري شده و IUI با اندازه پروژسترون روغني روزانه موثر است وميتواند جايگزين آن گردد. اگرچه مطالعات بيشتري براي اين جايگزيني لازم است.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Luteal phase support is practiced routinely in some medical centers in patients undergoing ovulation induction (OI) and intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of progesterone in oil with 17-α-hydroxy progesterone caproate (17- HPC) for luteal phase support.
Materials and Methods: This prospective randomized clinical trial was done at Montaserieh Infertility Center in Mashad, Iran, from October 2005 to October 2006. In this study, 162 patients undergoing OI and IUI were randomly treated with either 17-HPC (250 mg/weekly, IM) or progesterone in oil (50mg/daily, IM) until serum β-hCG was evaluated.
In patients with positive β-hCG results (Biochemical pregnancy), the treatment was continued until the 12th week of gestation. The data were analyzed using t-tests, Chi-squared and Fishers exact test. P-values &lt;0.05 were considered as the level of significance.
Results: The outcomes of IUI in both study groups were compared. No differences were found in the outcome of pregnancies, considering parameters such as biochemical pregnancy (p=0.69), clinical pregnancy (p=0.3) or ongoing pregnancy up to the 20th week (p=0.831). Complications were significantly lower in 17-HPC group (p=0.002) and the patients satisfaction was signi-ficantly higher compared to the other group (p=0.003).
Conclusion: The results of this study confirm that 17-HPC has the same effects as oily progesterone for luteal phase support in patients undergoing OI and IUI cycles and it could be used instead of progesterone in oil, although more studies are needed to support this replacement.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>230</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>238</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Nayereh</Name>
<MidName>N</MidName>
<Family>Khadem</Family>
<NameE>نیره</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>خادم</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Obs. &amp;amp; Gyn, Faculty of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Obs. &amp; Gyn, Faculty of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>khademn@mums.ac.ir</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Masoumeh</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Anbar Looii</Family>
<NameE>معصومه</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>انبارلوئی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Obs. &amp;amp; Gyn, Faculty of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Obs. &amp; Gyn, Faculty of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>17-a-hydroxy progesterone caproate</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Progesterone in oil</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Natural progesterone</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Intrauterin insemination</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Intra uterine insemination</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Luteal phase</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Support</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>287.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>Simunic V, Tomic V, Tomic J, Nizic D. Comparative study of the efficacy and tolerability of two vaginal progesterone formulations, Crinone 8% gel and Utro-gestan capsules, used for luteal support. Fertil Steril. 2007;87(1):83-7.##Yanushpolsky E, Hurwitz S, Greenberg L, Racowsky C, Hornstein M. Comparison of Crinone 8% intrava-ginal gel and intramuscular progesterone supplementa-tion for in vitro fertilization/ embryo transfer (IVF/ET) in women under age 40: A prospective randomized trial. Fertil Steril. 2006;86(3)suppl 1:S6.##Costabile L, Gerli S, Manna C, Rossetti D, Di Renzo GC, Unfer V. A Prospective randomized study comparing intramuscular progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxy Progesterone Caproate in Patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles. Fertil Steril. 2001;76(2):394-6.##Licciardi FL, Kwiatkowski A, Noyes NL, Berkeley AS, Krey LL, Grifo JA. Oral versus intramuscular pro-gesterone for in vitro fertilization: a prospective rando-mized study. Fertil Steril. 1999;71(4):614-8.##Miles RA, Paulson Rj, Lobo RA. Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of progesterone after admi-nistration by intramuscular and vaginal routes; a com-parative study. Fertil Steril. 1994;62(3):485-90.##Schmidt KLT, Ziebe S, Popovic B. Progesterone supplementation during early gestation after in vitro fertilization has no effect on the delivery rate. Fertil Steril. 2001;75(2):337-41.##Damario MA, Goudas VT, Session DR, Hammitt DG, Dumesic DA. Crinone 8% vaginal progesterone gel results in lower embryonic implantation efficiency after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Fertil Steril. 1999;72(5):830-6.##Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical gynecologic endocri-nology and infertility. 7th Edition. Philadelphia: Lippin-cott Williams &amp; Wilkins. 2005: 1248.##Shearman R, Garret W. Double-blind study of 17-hydroxy progesterone caproate on abortion rate. Br Med J. 1963;2(2):292-5.##Johnson J, Austin K, Jones G, Davis G, King TM. Efficacy of 17-α-hydroxy progesterone caproate in the prevention of Premature labor. N Eng1 J Med. 1975; 293(4):675-80.##Hendrickx A, Korte R, Leushener B, Neumann BW, Poggel A, Blinkerd P. et al. Embryotoxicity of sex steroidal hormones in nonhuman primates: 17α Hyd-roxyprogesterone caproate. Estradiol valerate. Terato-logy. 1987;35(3):129-36.##Abate A, Brigandi A, Abate FG, Balzano E, Perino M. 17-alpha-Hydroxy progesterone caproate and natural progesterone in assisted reproduction :a comparative study. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1997;24(4):190-2.##Unfer V, Casini ML, Costabile L, Gerli S, Baldini D, Di Renzo GC. 17alpha-hydroxy progesterone caproate versus intravaginal progesterone in IVF-embryo trans-fer cycles: a Prospective randomized study. Reprod Biomed Online. 2004;9(1):17-21.##Abate A, Brigandi A, Abate FG, Manti F, Unfer V, Perino M. Luteal phase support with17alpha-hydroxy Progesterone versus unsupported cycles in invitro fertilization: a comparative randomized study. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1999;48(2):78-80.##Propst AM, Hill JA, Ginsburg ES, Hurwitz S, Politch J, Yanushpolsky EH. A randomized study comparing Crinone 8% and intramuscular progesterone supple-mentation in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles. Fertil Steril. 2001;76(6):1144-9.##Prietl G, Diedrich K, Van der Ven HH, Luckhaus J, Krebs D. The effect of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate/ oestradiol valerate on the development and outcome of early pregnancies following in vitro ferti-lization and embryo transfer: a prospective and rando-mized controlled trial. Hum Reprod.1992;7 Suppl 1:1-5.##Gorkemil H, Ak D, Akyurek C, Aktan M, Duman S. Comparison of pregnancy outcomes of progesterone or progesterone estradiol for luteal phase support in ICSI-ET cycles. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2004;58(3):140-4.##Ludwig M, Diedrich K. Evaluation of an optimal luteal phase support protocol in IVF. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80(5):452-66.##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>رابطه عفونت هليكوباكتر پيلوري و كم خوني در زنان باردار</TitleF>
    <TitleE>The relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and anemia in pregnant women</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: كم خوني زنان در سنين باروري به خصوص زنان باردار داراي شيوع بسيار بالايي (50%) مي‌باشد و عوارض جبران‌ناپذير كم خوني بر نتيجه بارداري و مادر بر هيچ كس پوشيده نيست؛ چنانچه كم خوني مسئول 15-10% از كل مرگ‌هاي مادري مي‌باشد. گزارش‌هاي متفاوت و متناقضي از نقش عفونت هليكوباكترپيلوري در ايجاد كم خوني ارائه شده است. از طرف ديگر عفونت هليكوباكتر پيلوري و عوارض كاملاً شناخته شده ناشي از اين عفونت در كشورهاي جهان سوم شيوع بالايي دارد؛ لذا مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعيين رابطه عفونت هليكوباكتر پيلوري با كم خوني، انجام شد.
روش بررسي: مطالعه به روش تحليلي گذشته‌نگر (موردـ شاهدي) روي 187 مادر باردار در سه ماهه سوم بارداري مراجعه‌كننده براي انجام مراقبت‌هاي دوران بارداري در سال 1385 به مراكز بهداشتي‌ـ درماني وابسته به دانشگاه علوم پزشكي و خدمات بهداشتي‌ـ درماني مشهد انجام شد. نمونه‌ها براساس میزان هموگلوبین سه ماهه اول مندرج در پرونده بهداشتی، به دو دسته کم خون (94 نفر) و غیر کم خون (93 نفر) تقسیم شدند. براي تمام نمونه‌ها پرسشنامه‌اي شامل اطلاعات دموگرافیک و سئوالات تغذیه‌ای تكميل گرديد. سپس براي كليه نمونه‌ها در سه ماهه سوم بارداری، آزمایشات هموگلوبین، فریتین و هلیکوباکترپیلوری به روش الایزا و تیتراژ آنتی‌بادی عليه هلیکوباکترپیلوری از نوع IgG انجام شد. نتايج حاصل با استفاده از آمار توصيفي (ميانگين، انحراف معيار و نسبت شانس) و آمار استنباطي (آزمون‌هاي t مستقل، 2، من ويتني و تحلیل واریانس با  اندازه‌گيري‌های مكرر و رگرسيون لجستيك) به وسيله نرم افزار SPSS (ويرايش 13) مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت و سطح معني‌داري 05/0 در نظر گرفته شد. 
نتايج: نتايج نشان داد كه نمونه‌هاي مورد مطالعه از نظر سن، شغل، میزان تحصیلات، میزان تحصیلات همسر، شغل همسر، تعداد زايمان و عوامل اقتصادی اختلاف معني‌داری نداشتند. بین دو گروه کم خون و غیر کم خون تفاوت آماری معني‌‌داری در میزان ابتلا به عفونت هلیکوباکترپیلوری به دست آمد (01/0=p). همچنین میانگین هموگلوبین و فریتین سه ماهه سوم افراد مبتلا به عفونت هلیکوباکترپیلوری نسبت به افراد سالم کمتر بود (001/0&gt;p). از طرفی تغییرات میزان هموگلوبین سه ماهه اول و سوم در دو گروه سالم و مبتلا به عفونت هلیکو باکتر پیلوری با یکدیگر دارای اختلاف واضح آماری بود (001/0&gt;p)، به طوریکه میزان هموگلوبین سه ماهه سوم افراد مبتلا به عفونت هلیکو باکتر پیلوری نسبت به سه ماهه اول آنها با وجود مصرف آهن مکمل افزایش محسوسی نداشت.
نتيجه‌گيري: با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر كه بین ابتلا به عفونت هلیکوباکترپیلوری و کم خونی در زنان باردار رابطه وجود دارد؛ بنابراين گنجاندن آزمايش عفونت هليكوباكترپيلوري در مشاوره‌هاي قبل از بارداري خصوصاً در زنان  با سابقه كم خوني و كم‌خوني‌هاي مقاوم به درمان امري معقولانه و اقتصادي به نظر مي‌رسد.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia has a high prevalence in women of reproductive age, especially in pregnant women (50%), with serious consequences on the mother and the fetus. Anemia is responsible for about 10-15% of all maternal deaths worldwide. There are different and sometimes contradicting reports on the role of Helicobacter pylori in causing anemia. On the other hand, Helicobacter pylori infection and its well-known complications are of high prevalence in developing countries. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and anemia.
Materials &amp; Methods: This study was retrospectively conducted on 187 pregnant women who were at their third trimester and attended the Health Centers affiliated with Mashad University of Medical Sciences for prenatal care during 2006. Based on hemoglobin assessment done in the first trimester and kept in their health records, the participants were divided into two groups: anemic (94 women) and healthy (93 women) groups. Demographic information and nutrition questionnaires were completed. Tests for hemoglobin, ferritin, and Helicobacter pylori infection, using Elisa method for the detection of IgA and IgG, and antibody titration were conducted. The data from this study were analyzed by SPSS software, version 13, using descriptive (Mean, standard deviation and odds ratio) and inferential statistics (Independent t-test, chi-squared, Mann-Whitney test, analysis of variance and logistic regression). P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. 
Results: The subjects in the two groups did not have significant differences in terms of age, job, education, husband&#39;s education, husband&#39;s job, number of pregnancies and economic status. The rate of Helicobacter pylori infection showed a significant difference between the two anemic and non-anemic groups (p=0.01). It was also shown that hemoglobin concentration and ferritin, during the third trimester of pregnancy in Helicobacter pylori infected cases were lower compared to that of the healthy ones (p&lt;0.001). On the other hand, the changes of hemoglobin during the first and the third trimesters of pregnancy in the two groups showed a significant difference (p&lt;0.001). The amount of hemoglobin during the third trimester of pregnancy in the Helicobacter pylori infected group had no significant increases in comparison to theirs at the first trimester, despite iron supplementation. 
Conclusion: It seems that there is a relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and anemia in pregnant women, therefore it is suggested that tests for Helicobacter pylori infection be included in preconceptional consultations, especially for women who have a history of anemia or persistent anemia, as this will be both wise and economic.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>238</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>247</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Mahrokh</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Dolatian</Family>
<NameE>ماهرخ</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>دولتیان</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>mahdolatian@yahoo.com</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Roshanak</Name>
<MidName>R</MidName>
<Family>Noori</Family>
<NameE>روشنک</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>نوری دولویی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing &amp;amp; Midwifery, Ghouchan Islamic Azad University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing &amp; Midwifery, Ghouchan Islamic Azad University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Homayoun</Name>
<MidName>H</MidName>
<Family>Zojagy</Family>
<NameE>همایون</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>زجاجی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Internal, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Internal, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Hamid</Name>
<MidName>H</MidName>
<Family>Alavimajd</Family>
<NameE>حمید</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>علوی‌مجد</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Pregnancy</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Helicobacter pylori</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Infections</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Anemia</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Iron-deficiency</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Hemoglobin</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Ferritin</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>First trimester</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Third trimester</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>288.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>Weyermann M, Rothenbacher D, Gayer L, Bode G, Adler G, Grab D, Flock F, Brenner H. Role of Helico-bacter pylori infection in iron deficiency during preg-nancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(2):548-53.##Sakabe H, Yagi Y, Kakinoki R, Yoshikawa K, Inoue T, Fujiyama Y. Successful treatment of long-standing iron-deficiency anemia in adults by eradication of Heli-cobacter pylori. Rinsho Ketsueki. 2004;45(5):402-4.##Kurekci AE, Atay AA, Sarici SU, Yesilkaya E, Senses Z, Okutan V, Ozcan O. Is there a relationship between childhood Helicobacter pylori infection and iron deficiency anemia?. J Trop Pediatr. 2005;51(3):166-9.##Karimi M, Kadivar R, Yarmohammadi H. Assessment of the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia, by serum ferritin, in pregnant women of Southern Iran. Med Sci Monit. 2002;8(7):CR488-92.##Cohen JH, Haas JD. Hemoglobin correction factors for estimating the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women residing at high altitudes in Bolivia. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 1999;6(6):392-9.##Patra S, Pasrija S, Trivedi SS, Puri M. Maternal and perinatal outcome in patients with severe anemia in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2005;91(2):164-5.##عیسی‌زاده شهلا. بررسی میزان شیوع و عوامل مساعد کننده کم خونی فقر آهن در ماه آخر بارداری مادران مراجعه کننده به مراکز آموزشی- درمانی لقمان حکیم شهر تهران، پایان‌نامه جهت اخذ درجه کارشناسی ارشد مامایی، دانشگاه پرستاری و مامایی شهید بهشتی سال 1372.##Levy A, Fraser D, Katz M, Mazor M, Sheiner E. Maternal anemia during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for low birthweight and preterm delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005;122(2):182-6.##Cardenas VM, Mulla ZD, Ortiz M, Graham DY. Iron deficiency and Helicobacter pylori infection in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 2006163(2):127-34.##دیو آلپرز، لاین اویانگ، پارل. بیماریهای اسید پپتیک یامادا. سلیمانی سواد کوهی شهریار. چاپ اول. انتشارات معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی بابل. (1380) صفحات:113-109.##Peura A. Bacteriology and epidemiology of helicon-bacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2005;12(1) :1-7.##Fennerty MB. Helicobacter pylori: why it still matters in 2005. Cleve Clin J Med. 2005;72 Suppl 2:S1-7.##Nahon S, Lahmek P, Massard J, Lesgourgues B, Mariaud de Serre N, Traissac L, Bodiguel V, Adotti F, Delas N. Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gast-ritis and unexplained iron deficiency anemia: a reliable association? Helicobacter. 2003;8(6):573-7.##Ciacci C, Sabbatini F, Cavallaro R, Castiglione F, Di Bella S, Iovino P, Palumbo A, Tortora R, Amoruso D, Mazzacca G. Helicobacter pylori impairs iron absorp-tion in infected individuals. Dig Liver Dis. 2004;36(7): 455-60.##Mahalanabis D, Islam MA, Shaikh S, Chakrabarty M, Kurpad AV, Mukherjee S, Sen B, Khaled MA, Ver-mund SH. Haematological response to iron supple-mentation is reduced in children with asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection.  Br J Nutr. 2005;94(6): 969-75.##Haberman M, Th. Mayo clinnic internal medicine board review. Dowson, USA. 2003;5:289-295.##Ogata SK, Kawakami E, Patr&#237;cio FR, Pedroso MZ, Santos AM. Evaluation of invasive and non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infec-tion in symptomatic children and adolescents. Sao Paulo Med J. 2001;119(2):67-71.##کانینگهام گنت، لونو گیلسترپ، هوث وسترم. بارداری و زایمان ویلیامز. قاضی جهانی بهرام، کاظم زاده صونیا، کتابی مهرا. انتشارات گلبان. (1381) 1305-1302.##Annibale B, Capurso G, Delle Fave G. The stomach and iron deficiency anaemia: a forgotten link. Dig Liver Dis. 2003;35(4):288-95. Review.##Keenan JI, Peterson RA, Fraser R, Frampton CM, Walmsley TA, Allardyce RA, Roake JA. The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection and dietary iron deficien-cy on host iron homeostasis: a study in mice. Helico-bacter. 2004;9(6):643-50.##Barabino A. Helicobacter pylori-related iron deficien-cy anemia: a review. Helicobacter. 2002;7(2):71-5.##Kaffes A, Cullen J, Mitchell H, Katelaris PH. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection and low-dose aspirin use on iron stores in the elderly. J Gastroenterol Hepa-tol. 2003;18(9):1024-8.##Idris M, Rehman A. Iron deficiency anemia in mode-rate to severely anemic patient. J Ayub Med Coll Abbotta bad. 2005;17(3):345-349.##Annibale B, Capurso G, Martino G, Grossi C, Delle Fave G. Iron deficiency anaemia and Helicobacter pylori infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2000;16(4): 515-9.##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>حق بر شناختن پدر و مادر بيولوژيک</TitleF>
    <TitleE>A right to know one`s biological parents</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>فناوري و زيست‌ـ فناوري‌هاي نوین، امکان اهداي گامت و جنين را به زوجين نابارور فراهم آورده است. در نتيجه، يکي از پرسش‌هاي مهمي که رخ نموده اين است: آيا کودکِ حاصل از اهداي ياد شده، حقي بر شناختن پدر و مادر بيولوژيک خود دارد؟ براي پاسخ گفتن به اين پرسش، ابتدا بايد معناي حق را مشخص ساخت. چهار معناي حق‌ـ ادعا، حق‌ـ آزادي، حق‌ـ قدرت و حق‌ـ مصونيت براي حق برشمرده‌اند. دو معناي ادعا و آزادي، به ترتيب به عنوان ادعاي قوي و ضعيف، در اين مسأله قابل تصور است. انتخاب بين اين دو اما منوط به روشن ساختن مبنا و نظرية موجهه حق است. حق براي حفظ گوهر انساني به کار مي‌رود. گوهر انساني، منشأ دو ارزشِ &#171;کرامت ذاتي&#187; و &#171;فاعليت اخلاقي&#187; است. بر اين اساس، به نظر مي‌رسد نشناختن منشأ بيولوژيک، گوهر انساني يا ارزش‌هاي کرامت ذاتي و فاعليت اخلاقي را به خطر نمي‌اندازد. در نتيجه تنها مي‌توان از حق-آزادي بر شناختن پدر و مادر بيولوژيک دفاع کرد که از ديگران، دولت و جامعه، نمي خواهد به نحو فعال به دنبال آگاه ساختن فرزند از منشأ بيولوژيک خود باشند. با اين همه، در موارد استثنايي که عدم آگاهي به منشأ مذکور، موجبِ به خطر افتادن &#171;شخص بودن&#187; و &#171;انسانيت&#187; فرد شود، معناي ضعيف مي‌تواند به معناي قوي تبديل شود.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Modern technology and biotechnology have provided the possibility of gamete and embryo donations to infertile couples. Consequently, one of the important questions that have arisen is that “Is there a right to know one’s biological parents?” To provide and answer this question, it is necessary, first, to determine, what one means by expressing the concept of “right”. Four meanings have been identified for the concept. They are right-claim, right-liberty, right-power and right-immunity. Right-claim and right-liberty as the strong and weak claims are applicable to the problem at hand. To choose between the two meanings requires putting forth a well-established justificatory theory of rights. Rights are to protect the very humanity of human beings. This has been a basis for two basic values of human dignity and moral agency. Not knowing one’s biological roots does not put in danger one’s humanity or the two mentioned values. Therefore, we may only defend a right-liberty of knowing one’s biological parents; a right that does not require the state and society to be active in making individuals know their biological parents. Nevertheless, in exceptional cases where the lack of that knowledge of the biological roots does endanger one’s personhood and humanity, the weak claim can turn into a strong one.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>247</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>259</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Mohammad</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Rasekh</Family>
<NameE>محمد </NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>راسخ </FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Public Law and Philosophy of Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Public Law and Philosophy of Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>m-rasekh@sbu.ac.ir</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Amir Hossein</Name>
<MidName>AH</MidName>
<Family>Khodaparast</Family>
<NameE>امیرحسین</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>خداپرست</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Infertility</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Confidentiality</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Right</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Right-claim</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Right-liberty</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Biological parents</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>289.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>آخوندی محمدمهدی. آشنایی با لقاح خارج رحمی و ضرورت استفاده از گامت جایگزین در درمان ناباروری. اهدای گامت و جنین در درمان ناباروری، جمعی از نویسندگان، چاپ دوم، تهران: سمت، 1385، صفحات: 31-27.##غفاری معرفت، روش‌های پیشرفته در درمان نازایی، روش‌های نوین تولید مثل انسانی از دیدگاه فقه و حقوق، تهران: سمت، چاپ دوم: 1382، صفحات: 10-8 و 16-15.##عبدالله زاده آزاده، بهجتی اردکانی زهره، میلانی‌فر علیرضا. محرمانگی در درمان ناباروری (زیرچاپ).##Clark C. Against Confidentiality?. Journal of Social Work. 2006; 6, No. 2, pp. 117-136.##صفایی سید حسین. نارسایی‌های قانون ایران درباره  اهدای گامت و جنین با توجه به حقوق تطبیقی، در: جمعی از نویسندگان، اهدای گامت و جنین در درمان ناباروری، تهران: سمت، چاپ دوم: 1385، صفحات: 89-83.##Annas GJ. The Rights of Patients: The basic ACLU Guide to Patient Rights, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989.##Powers M. Privacy and Genetics in: A Companion to Genethics, J. Burley and J. Harris (Editors), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005;pp:370-372.##آخوندی محمدمهدی، آشنایی با لقاح خارج رحمی و ضرورت استفاده از گامت جایگزین در درمان ناباروری. اهدای گامت و جنین در درمان ناباروری، جمعی از نویسندگان، تهران: سمت، چاپ دوم: 1385، صفحه:33.##بینت بلیندا. حقوق و پزشکی، ترجمه محمود عباسی، تهران: حقوقی، چاپ دوم: 1384، صفحه: 192.##آرامش کیارش، بررسی دلالت‌های عملی اصول اخلاق پزشکی در اهدای گامت و جنین. اهدای گامت و جنین در درمان ناباروری، جمعی از نویسندگان، تهران: سمت، چاپ دوم: 1385، صفحه: 331.##بهجتی اردکانی زهره. مشاوره، ارزیابی سلامت و تطابق مشخصات اهداکننده و دریافت کننده در درمان باروری جایگزین، اهدای گامت و جنین در درمان ناباروری، جمعی از نویسندگان، تهران: سمت، چاپ دوم: 1385، صفحه: 73.##راسخ محمد. بیوتکنولوژی و انسان: مسائل و دیدگاه‌ها. مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 40، 1383، صفحات: 62-57.##ولمن کارل. مفهوم حق (2): سهم هوفلد، ترجمه محمد راسخ، راسخ، محمد، حق و مصلحت، تهران: طرح نو، چاپ اول: 1381، صفحات: 204-202.##والدرون جرمی. فلسفه حق، ترجمه محمد راسخ، در راسخ، محمد، حق و مصلحت، تهران: طرح نو، چاپ اول: 1381.##ولمن کارل. مفهوم حق (2): سهم هوفلد، ترجمه  محمد راسخ، در: راسخ، محمد، حق و مصلحت، تهران: طرح نو، چاپ اول: 1381.##موحد محمدعلی. در هوای حق و عدالت، از حقوق طبیعی تا حقوق بشر، تهران: کارنامه، چاپ دوم: 1381، صفحات: 57-54.##راسخ محمد. تئوری حق و حقوق بشر بین الملل، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره ی 41، بهار- تابستان 1384، صفحه: 56.##دورکین رونالد. حق چون برگ برنده، پیشگفتار و ترجمه محمد راسخ، نامه مفید، شماره 29، 1381، صفحات: 65-57.##راسخ محمد. تئوری حق و حقوق بشر بین الملل، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 41، بهار- تابستان 1384، صفحه: 23.##کانت ایمانوئل. بنیاد مابعدالطبیعه اخلاق، ترجمه حمید عنایت و علی قیصری، تهران: خوارزمی، چاپ اول: 1369، صفحه: 75.##راسخ محمد. تئوری حق و حقوق بشر بین الملل، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 41، بهار- تابستان 1384، صفحات: 41-39.##Clayton M. Individual Autonomy and Genetic Choice in A Companion to Genethics, J. Burley and J. Harris (Editors), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 2005;pp:191.##Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans by W.D. Ross, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1963; a1110- a1113.##Sullivan RJ. An Introduction to Kant’s Ethics, Camb-ridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994;pp:54-55.##دورکین رونالد. حق چون برگ برنده، پیشگفتار و ترجمه محمد راسخ، نامه مفید، شماره 29، 1381، صفحه: 57.##راسخ محمد. تئوری حق و حقوق بشر بین الملل، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 41، بهار- تابستان 1384، صفحات: 52-51.##سروش عبدالکریم. دانش و ارزش: پژوهشی در ارتباط علم و اخلاق،] بی جا[: یاران، چاپ دوم: 1358، بخش سوم، فصل 1 و 2.##راسخ محمد، آیتی سیدمحمدرضا، نسب به مثابه امری اعتباری (زیرچاپ).##Shenfield F, Steele SJ. What are the effects of anonymity and secrecy on the welfare of the child in the gamete donation?. Human Reproduction. 1997;Vol. 12, No. 2, pp:392-395.##صادقی منصوره السادات، مظاهری محمد علی. جنبه‌های مختلف ارتباط والدین با کودکان حاصل از گامت اهدایی، اهدای گامت و جنین در درمان ناباروری، جمعی از نویسندگان، تهران: سمت، چاپ دوم: 1385، صفحه: 107.##Baran A, Lifton BJ. Adoption, in Encyclopedia of Bioethics, ed. by S.G. Post, 3rd ed. 2005;Vol. 1, pp:68-74.##محلاتی شهربانو. بررسی خلاءهای قانونی حقوق کودک، ج 1، تهران: روابط عمومی شورای فرهنگی-اجتماعی زنان، 1384، صفحات: 158-157.##گنسلر هری. درآمدی جدید بر فلسفه اخلاق، ترجمه حمیده بحرینی، تهران: آسمان خیال، چاپ اول: 1385، فصول دهم و یازدهم.##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>بكارگيري تكنولوژيهاي ژنومیکس و پروتئوميكس در تشخيص زود هنگام سرطانهاي دستگاه توليد مثل</TitleF>
    <TitleE>Application of genomics and proteomics technologies to early diagnosis of reproductive organ cancers</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>پیشرفت‌های زیست‌شناسی مولکولی در دهه اخیر به بالا بردن درک محققین از تقابل پیچیده تغییرات ژنتیکی، رونویسی و ترجمه در سرطان‌های انسانی کمک کرده است. این تغییرات مولکولی اساس تکنیک‌های كارآمد و رو به رشد شناسایی سرطان بوده که به مقادیر میکروسکوپی از نمونه بیمار نیاز دارند. برش‌های در اندازه ميكرو توسط لیزر امکان تهیه و جداسازی جمعیت‌های خالص سلولی از بافت توموری و استروما را بوجود آورده‌اند تا بتوان تفاوت‌های نامحسوس در RNA و بیان پروتئین را شناسایی کرد. بررسی مقایسه‌ای این تفاوتها بین بافت‌های سالم، پيش تهاجمي و تهاجمی با استفاده از برنامه‌های قدرتمند بیوانفورماتیک، امکان شناسایی مارکرهای نوين در تومورها، شناسایی مسیرهای پیچیده پروتئینی و گسترش روش‌های درمان با اساس مولکولی را ايجاد كرده است. ادامه پیشرفت در روش‌های نوین میکروتكنولوژى كارآمد امکان بررسی سریع نمونه بیمار و به دنبال آن شناسایی توسط روش‌های نوین تشخیصي، درمان و ردیابی طیف وسيعي از سرطان‌های انسانی را فراهم کرده است. 
همچنین در سال‌های اخیر پیشرفت‌های چشمگیری در ابزارهای جدید برای آنالیز محتوای پروتئینی سلولها، خون و سایر مایعات بدن، حاصل شده است. آنالیز محتوای پروتئینی امکان شناسایی علائم پروتئینی در سرطان را افزایش می‌دهد. آنالیز اسپکتروسکوپی SELDI-TOF با یک روش آنالیتیکی بیوانفورماتیکی پیشرفته ارتباط داده می‌شود تا الگوی پروتئومیکی تفکیکی بهینه‌ای بدست آید. این فن‌آوری امروزه به‌طور گسترده در آزمایشگاه‌ها در کل دنیا به منظور شناسایی بیومارکرهایی برای تشخیص زودرس انواع سرطان، خصوصاً سرطان‌های پستان و دستگاه تولید مثل مانند سرطان تخمدان، پروستات، دهانه رحم و آندومتر بکار گرفته می‌شود.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Advances in molecular biology over the past decade have helped enhance understanding of the complex interplay between genetic, transcriptional and translational alterations in human cancers. These molecular changes are the basis for an evolving field of high-throughput cancer screening techniques using microscopic amounts of patient-based materials. LASER capture microdissection allows pure populations of cells to be isolated from both the tumor and stroma in order to identify subtle differences in RNA and protein expression. Comparative analysis of these alterations between normal, pre-invasive, and invasive tissues, using powerful bioinformatic programs, has allowed us to identify novel tumor markers, profile complex protein pathways, and develop new molecular-based therapies. Continued refinement of such high-throughput micro-technologies will enable us to rapidly query patient specimens to identify novel methods for early diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of a wide array of human cancers.
There has also been an explosion in the development of new tools to analyze proteomic data of blood cells and other bodily fluids and materials in recent years. Analysis of a proteome would enhance the possibility of identifying protein signa tures for cancer. Surface enhanced LASER desorption and ionization with time of flight diagnosis (SELDI-TOF) spectral analysis is linked with a high-order analytical bioinformatic approach to define optimal discriminatory signature proteomic patterns. This technology is now being widely used in laboratories around the world for biomarker discovery in the early stages of cancer in general and breast cancer and cancers involving the reproductive organs such as ovary, prostate, cervix and endometrium in particular.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>259</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>279</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Ali M</Name>
<MidName>AM</MidName>
<Family>Ardekani</Family>
<NameE></NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE></FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>m-rasekh@sbu.ac.ir</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Feryal</Name>
<MidName>F</MidName>
<Family>Aslani</Family>
<NameE>فریال</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>اصلانی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Niknam</Name>
<MidName>N</MidName>
<Family>Lakpour</Family>
<NameE>نیکنام</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>لک‌پور</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Genomics</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Proteomics</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Early diagnosis</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Reproductive organ</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Cancer</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Ovary</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Breast</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Prostate</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Cervix</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Endometrium</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>290.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
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J Proteome Res. 2007;6(7):2615-22.##Risinger JI, Dent GA, Ignar-Trowbridge D, McLach-lan JA, Tsao MS, Senterman M, et al. p53 gene mutations in human endometrial carcinoma. Mol Carcinog. 1992;5(4):250-3.##Ali IU. Gatekeeper for endometrium: the PTEN tumor suppressor gene. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(11):861-3.##Risinger JI, Hayes K, Maxwell GL, Carney ME, Dodge RK, Barrett JC, et al. PTEN mutation in endo-metrial cancers is associated with favorable clinical and pathologic characteristics. Clin Cancer Res. 1998;4(12): 3005-10.##Mutter GL. Pten, a protean tumor suppressor. Am J Pathol. 2001;158(6):1895-8.##Mutter GL, Lin MC, Fitzgerald JT, Kum JB, Baak JP, Lees JA, et al. Altered PTEN expression as a diagnostic marker for the earliest endometrial precancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(11):924-30.##Berchuck A, Rodriguez G, Kinney RB, Soper JT, Dodge RK, Clarke-Pearson DL, et al. Overexpression of HER-2/neu in endometrial cancer is associated with advanced stage disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164 (1 Pt 1):15-21.##Hetzel DJ, Wilson TO, Keeney GL, Roche PC, Cha SS, Podratz KC. HER-2/neu expression: a major prog-nostic factor in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1992;47(2):179-85.##Yoshizaki T, Enomoto T, Nakashima R, Ueda Y, Kanao H, Yoshino K, et al. Altered protein expression in endometrial carcinogenesis. Cancer letters. 2005;226(2): 101-6.##Bonkhoff H, Remberger K. Differentiation pathways and histogenetic aspects of normal and abnormal prostatic growth: a stem cell model. Prostate. 1996;28 (2):98-106.##El-Alfy M, Pelletier G, Hermo LS, Labrie F. Unique features of the basal cells of human prostate epithelium. Microsc Res Tech. 2000;51(5):436-46.##Banez LL, Srivastava S, Moul JW. Proteomics in prostate cancer. Curr Opin Urol. 2005;15(3):151-6.##Ornstein DK, Gillespie JW, Paweletz CP, Duray PH, Herring J, Vocke CD, et al. Proteomic analysis of laser capture microdissected human prostate cancer and in vitro prostate cell lines. Electrophoresis. 2000;21(11): 2235-42.##Sobol H, Benziane A, Kerangueven F, Yin L, Noguchi T, Pauly S, et al. Genome-wide search for loss of heterozygosity in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2002;33(2):217-24.##Choi YW, Bae SM, Kim YW, Lee HN, Kim YW, Park TC, et al. Gene expression profiles in squamous cell cervical carcinoma using array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007;17(3):687-96.##Kloth JN, Oosting J, van Wezel T, Szuhai K, Knij-nenburg J, Gorter A, et al. Combined array-comparative genomic hybridization and single-nucleotide polymer-phism-loss of heterozygosity analysis reveals complex genetic alterations in cervical cancer. BMC Genomics. 2007;8:53.##Emmert-Buck MR, Bonner RF, Smith PD, Chuaqui RF, Zhuang Z, Goldstein SR, et al. Laser capture micro-dissection. Science. 1996;274(5289):998-1001.##Fung KY, Glode LM, Green S, Duncan MW. 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        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>گزارش يك مورد نادر بارداري ترم در نارسايي سرويكس به‌ دنبال استراحت مطلق</TitleF>
    <TitleE>A term pregnancy upon complete bed rest in a case with uterine cervical incompetence</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>زمينه و هدف: نارسايي سرويکس يکي از عوامل خطرساز در ايجاد زايمان زودرس مي‌باشد که با ديلاتاسيون بدون درد آن و پرولاپس پرده‌هاي جنيني به داخل واژن در سه ماهه دوم و سوم بارداري مشخص مي‌شود. هدف از ارائه اين گزارش، معرفي يك مورد نادر نارسايي سرويكس در سه ماهه دوم بارداري است كه با درمان انتظاري با موفقيت بارداري به سرانجام رسيد.
معرفي مورد: بيمار خانمي 24 ساله و با تاريخچه نارسايي سرويکس در بارداري قبلي بود که در بارداري دوم با ديلاتاسيون و افاسمان در هفته 24 بارداري بستري و با استراحت در بستر و درمان‌هاي نگهدارنده با موفقيت بارداري را در هفته 39 به پايان رساند.
نتيجه‌گيري: درمان انتظاري به‌صورت استراحت در بستر در وضعيت مناسب همراه با تجويز پروفيلاكسي داروهاي ضد انعقادي مي‌تواند براي اداره نارسايي سرويكس در مراحل پيشرفته‌ بارداري كه خطر بارز زايمان زودرس وجود دارد، روش موثر و بي‌خطري باشد.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>Introduction: Uterine cervical incompetence is one of the risk factors for preterm labor and it is characterized by painless cervical dilatation and prolapse of membranes into the vagina in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. The aim of this report is to discuss a term pregnancy following complete bed rest in cervical insufficiency. 
Case presentation: A 24-year old woman with a history of uterine cervical incompetence was admitted to hospital with cervical dilatation and effacement at the 24th week of gestation. 
She had a successful term pregnancy with bed rest and expectant management at the 39th week of gestation.
Conclusion: Expectant management with bed rest in an appropriate position, along with anti-coagulant prophylaxis is an effective and safe method for the management of cervical incompe-tency in advanced stages of pregnancy.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>279</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>283</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Sedigheh</Name>
<MidName></MidName>
<Family>Ayaty</Family>
<NameE>صدیقه</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>آیتی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Obs. &amp;amp; Gyn, Faculty of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Obs. &amp; Gyn, Faculty of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Fatemeh</Name>
<MidName>F</MidName>
<Family>Vahidrodsari</Family>
<NameE>فاطمه</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>وحید رودسری</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Obs. &amp;amp; Gyn, Faculty of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Obs. &amp; Gyn, Faculty of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>ff_ vahid@yahoo.com</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Leila</Name>
<MidName>L</MidName>
<Family>Pour Ali</Family>
<NameE>‌لیلا</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>پورعلی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Obs. &amp;amp; Gyn, Faculty of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Obs. &amp; Gyn, Faculty of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>Uterine cervical incompetence</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Cervix</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Cerclage</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Complete bed rest (CBR)</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Preterm labor</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Term pregnancy</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Dilatation</KeyText></KEYWORD><KEYWORD><KeyText>Effacement</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>291.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>Cunningham FG. William’s Obstetrics. 22nd Edition. Newyork Mc Graw-Hill Co. 2005;P:236-237.##Gabbe SG. Obstetrics. Normal and problem pregnan-cies, 4th Edition, Philadelphia churchill living stone. 2002;P:773-5.##Woodring TC, Kauser CK, Cromartie DA, Magann EF, Chauhan SP, Morrison JC. When is a cerclage indicat-ed for cervical insufficiency? A literature review. J Miss State Med Assoc. 2006;47(9):264-6.##Heath VC, Souka AP, Erasmus I, Gibb DM, Nicolaides KH. Cervical length at 23 weeks of gestation: the value of Shirodkar suture for the short cervix. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1998;12(5):318-22.##Althusius SM, Dekker GA, van Geijn HP. Cervical incompetence prevention randomized cerclage trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189(4):907-10.##Althuisius S, Dekker G, Hummel P, Bekedan D, Kuik D, van Geijn H. Cervical incompetence prevention ran-domized cercelage trial effect of therapeutic cercelage with bed rest vs. bed rest only on cervical length. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;20(2)163-7.##Terkildsen MF, Parilla BV, Kumar P, Grobman WA. Factors associated with success of emergent second trimester cerclage. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(3):565-9.##Kovacevich GJ, Gaich SA, Lavin JP, Hopkins MP, Crane SS, Stewart J, et al. The prevalence of thrombo-embolic events among women with extended bed rest prescribed as part of treatment for premature labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:1089-92.##Daskalakis G, Papantoniou N, Mesogitis S, Antasaklis A. Management of cervical insufficiency and bulging fetal membranes. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(2 Pt1): 221-6.##Rust OA, Atlas RO, Jones KJ, Benham BN, Balducci J. A randomzied trial of cerclage vs. no cerclage in patients with sonographically detected 2nd trimester premature dilation of the internal os. Am J Obstet Gyencol. 2000;183(4):830-5.##Althisius SM, Dekker GA, Van Geijn HP. Bekedam DJ, Hummel P. Cervical imcompetence prevention randomized cerclage trial (abstract19). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183(4):830-5.##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

<ARTICLE>
    <TitleF>معرفي يك خانم با ترانس لوكاسيون 14؛13ـ لزوم توجه خاص به جابجايي‌هاي كروموزومي در مشاوره ژنتيك قبل از بارداري (نامه به سردبیر)</TitleF>
    <TitleE>Introducing a woman with 13-14 translocation and the importance of chromosomal dislocation in genetic consultation prior to pregnancy (Letter to the editor)</TitleE>
    <TitleLang_ID>2</TitleLang_ID>
    <ABSTRACTS>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>1</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT>با توجه به افزايش سن ازدواج و بارداري در ايران، دقت و حوصله در گرفتن شرح حال خانوادگي و ترسيم شجره‌نامه در مشاوره ژنتيك از اهميت ويژه‌اي برخوردار است. جلب توجه همكاران باليني به‌ويژه متخصصين زنان و زايمان و مامايي، داخلي و اطفال به موارد نادر و ارجاع آن به متخصص ژنتيك جهت مشاوره و انجام آزمايشات لازم، از اهداف اصلي اين نوشتار مي‌باشد. در اين گزارش به خانواده نسبتاً مسني كه به منظور مشاوره ژنتيك قبل از بارداري به درمانگاه ژنتيك بيمارستان شريعتي تهران مراجعه نموده بودند و در بررسيها ترانس لوکاسیون[1] 14؛13 خانم مشخص شد و نيز به نتيجه تشخيص قبل از تولد اشاره خواهد شد.</CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
        <ABSTRACT>
            <Language_ID>2</Language_ID>
            <CONTENT></CONTENT>
        </ABSTRACT>
    </ABSTRACTS>
    <PAGES>
        <PAGE>
            <FPAGE>283</FPAGE>
            <TPAGE>287</TPAGE>
        </PAGE>
    </PAGES>
    <AUTHORS>
        <AUTHOR>
<Name>Seyyed Mohammad</Name>
<MidName>SM</MidName>
<Family>Akrami</Family>
<NameE>سید محمد</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>اکرمی</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email>akramism@tums.ac.ir</Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>
<Name>Marzieh</Name>
<MidName>M</MidName>
<Family>Maddah</Family>
<NameE>مرضیه</NameE>
<MidNameE></MidNameE>
<FamilyE>مداح</FamilyE>
<Organizations>
<Organization>Tehran University of Medical Sciences</Organization>
</Organizations>
<Universities>
<University>Tehran University of Medical Sciences</University>
</Universities>
<Countries>
<Country>Iran</Country>
</Countries>
<EMAILS>
<Email></Email>
</EMAILS>
</AUTHOR>
    </AUTHORS>
    <KEYWORDS>
        <KEYWORD><KeyText>No Keyword</KeyText></KEYWORD>
    </KEYWORDS>
    <PDFFileName>292.pdf</PDFFileName>
    <REFRENCES>
        <REFRENCE>
            <REF>Bandyopadhyay R, Heller A, Knox-DuBois C, Mc Caskill C, Berend SA, Page SL, Shaffer LG. Parental origin and timing of de novo Robertsonian transloca-tion formation. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;71(6):1456-62.##Anton E, Blanco J, Egozcue J, Vidal F. Sperm FISH studies in seven male carriers of Robertsonian translo-cation t (13;14) (q10;q10). Hum Reprod. 2004; 19(6): 1345-51.##Ogur G, Van Assche E, Vegetti W, Verheyen G, Tour-naye H, et al. Chromosomal segregation in spermato-zoa of 14 Robertsonian translocation carriers. Mol Hum Reprod. 2006;12(3):209-215.##Buoni S, Zannolli R, Macucci F, Pucci L, Mogni M, Pierluigi M, Fois A. Familial robertsonian 13;14  trans-location with mental retardation and epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 2006;21(6):531-3.##حسن‌زاده نظرآبادی محمد، ابوترابی ربابه، رئوفیان رضا. جابجایی متعادل کروموزومی والدین در سقط‌های خودبخود. مجله علوم جمهوری اسلامی ایران. 1384، 16 (3).##حسن‌زاده نظرآبادی محمد، ابوترابی ربابه، رئوفیان رضا. مقایسه سقطهای تکراری با علت ناشناخته در ازدواج‌های خویشاوندی و غیرخویشاوندی. مجله زنان مامایی و نازایی ایران. 1385، 9(2):23-31.##خاوری خراسانی هوشنگ. گزارش چهار مورد اختلال کروموزومی در بررسیهای سیتوژنتیکی یکصد و پانزده زوج خویشاوند. مجله بهداشت ایران. 1371، 21، 69-78.##Frydman N, Romana S, Le Lorc’h M, Vekemans M, Frydman R, Tachdjian G. Assisting reproduction of infertile men carrying a Robertsonian translocation. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:2274-2277.##Oliver-Bonet M, Navarro J, Carrera M, Egozcue J, Benet J. Aneuploid and unbalanced sperm in two trans-location carriers: evaluation of the genetic risk. Mol Hum Reprod. 2002;8:958-963.##Zhang YP, Xu JZ, Yin M, Chen MF, Ren DL. Preg-nancy outcomes of 194 couples with balanced translocations. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2006;41 (9):592-6.##</REF>
        </REFRENCE>
    </REFRENCES>
</ARTICLE>

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