How Should We Deal with the Barrage of New Infertility Treatments and Innovative Technologies? 2 1 576 2 Starting in 1970s as experimental procedures following numerous trial-and-error processes, assisted repro-ductive technologies (ART) have developed extensively through the past three decades. Following the suc-cessful birth of the first IVF baby, ART rapidly developed in both research and clinical practice during 1980s. Then after during1990s, IVF clinics, different ART methods and their success rate extensively in-creased, along with their widespread popularity. Currently, the changes brought up by the modern lifestyle have lead to increased infertility rates and subsequently increased demand for infertility treatment services and higher numbers of IVF clinics worldwide; therefore, ART is considered to be an industry, the so called IVF industry, in recent times (1). With the rapid growth of ART as an industry, other related industries such as medical equipment industry and pharmaceutical companies simultaneously developed to support IVF clinics in a way that infertile couples and IVF clinics are continuously exposed to the introduction of new technologies, equipment, drugs and facilities. Therefore, the life span of related equipment and technologies has greatly reduced and has raised the question whether any new technology or equipment should be used in IVF clinics upon its introduction. Noticeably, most of these methods, drugs and equipment are widely used in IVF clinics without the approval of their quality or efficiency or their safety or their proven benefit in infertile couples through comprehensive clinical trials or evidence-based approaches. Embryo culture media, ovary stimulation regimens, intracyto-plasmic sperm injection (ICSI), assisted hatching, in vitro maturation (IVM) and cytoplasmic transfer are many of these technologies. Dissimilarly, the widespread, rapid and durable application of ICSI methods was achieved by the approval of their safety and efficiency for male and female factor infertility treatment. However, in spite of the long-term use of most others technologies, their safety and performance are questionable and need more medical evidence (2). Aside from the lack of performance evaluation of these procedures, medications, and equipment, the existing competition between IVF clinics and advertising for attracting more infertile couples have lead to greater interest among most clinics for their use. The major problem associated with the use of these new facilities is a direct increase in cost of infertility treatment. Therefore, infertility has become known as one of the most expensive health care options and due to the partial presence or absence of insurance coverage of these procedures in most countries, many infertile couples are deprived from access to ART services. A detailed analysis of ART cost revealed that controlled ovarian stimulation covered about 70% of the costs per each ICSI cycle due to the price of medications, however, fertilization (IVF laboratory) constituted less than 20% of the total costs of IVF and ICSI cycles (3). Most new innovative technologies are related to IVF laboratory for increasing the quality and selecting the best embryos. On the other hand, success rate of IVF cycles is less than 50% in spite of improvements during the past three decades. The major cause for this low success rate is related to embryo quality and its ability for leading to a live healthy birth. Therefore, IVF success rates are dependent on repeated treatment cycles, which entail monetary costs and psychosocial burden. Theoretically, every change in IVF setup by using new technologies to increase quality of embryo and implantation rate will reduce the number of IVF cycles and, consequently, lower the total cost of treatment per successful cycles. Therefore, one strategy to reduce the high cost of ovarian stimulation in IVF cycle is oocyte retrieval in a natural cycle without any stimulation or by mild stimulation using clomiphen citrate instead of gonadotropines (4). Although the number of retrieved oocytes is reduced, but advances in embryo lab technology could compensate for the condition and lead to in vitro production of high quality embryos and subsequent successful pregnancies. This viewpoint favors cheaper IVF procedures and hopes for its spread around the world, especially in poor and low-income countries. 181 183 Mohammad Reza MR Sadeghi محمدرضا صادقی Editor-in-chief Editor-in-chief Iran No Keyword 576.pdf Yovich JL. A clinician's personal view of assisted reproductive technology over 35 years. Reprod Biol. 2011;11 (Suppl 3):31-42.##Harper J, Magli MC, Lundin K, Barratt CL, Brison D. When and how should new technology be introduced into the IVF laboratory? Hum Reprod. 2012;27(2):303-13.##Bouwmans CA, Lintsen BM, Eijkemans MJ, Habbema JD, Braat DD, Hakkaart L. A detailed cost analysis of in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(2):331-41.##Beall SA, DeCherney A. History and challenges surrounding ovarian stimulation in the treatment of infertility. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(4):795-801.##

Lineage and the Rights of Cloned Child in the Islamic Jurisprudence 2 1 2 Lineage in the Islamic law is one of the most basic human rights each individual inherits from his family. When modern assisted reproductive technologies appeared in recent decades, the issue of lineage and the child’s rights did not encounter serious challenges. But with the advent of these technologies, the issue of the child’s lineage resulting from new technologies has become the center of attention. These technologies have a large share in the field of medicine. A new technique known as cloning has entered the realm of science and technology. Considering the possibility of the widespread use of this technique, the subject of cloned child’s lineage and his/her rights would be one of the major issues related to this subject. In this paper, the authors have examined the various aspects of the subject and the opinions of theologians in this regard in order to present a best solution to this issue. In fact, the fundamental concern in this paper is to figure out the relationship between the cloned child, the cell donor, the egg donor and the owner of the uterus. In this paper, after considering the concepts of the parentage and identical twins’ relationship would be explored and then a detailed analysis of the parental relationship and the Shiite jurisprudence scholars' opinion on these issues would be presented. Finally, the rights of cloned children would be taken into consideration. 183 193 Mohaddeseh M Moeinifar Mohaddeseh Moeinifar Department of Theology, Faculty of Theology, MazahebUniversity Department of Theology, Faculty of Theology, MazahebUniversity Iran Moeinifar@isuw.ac.ir Faezeh F Azimzadeh Ardebeli Faezeh Azimzadeh Ardebeli Department of Family Law, Faculty of Law, Imam Sadiq University Department of Family Law, Faculty of Law, Imam Sadiq University Iran Human Reproductive CloningIdentical twinsLineageParent-child relationshipRelationshipRights 500.pdf Najafi MH. [We and new phenomenon]. J New Explor Islamic Jurisprud. 2006;46:3-7. Persian.##Eslami H. [Human cloning in Catholic and Islamic perspectives]. 1st ed. Qom: Center for Religions Studies; 2008. p. 474-97 and 280-97. Persian.##Ishaque S. Islamic principles on adoption: examining the impact of illegitimacy and inheritance related concerns in context of a child's right to an identity. Inter J Law Policy Family. 2008;22:393-420.##Dehkhoda's dictionary. 2nd ed. Tehran: Tehran University Press; 1999. Nasab (lineage); p. 22452. Persian.##Najafi MH. [Javaher al-kalam fi sharhe sharaee al-Islam]. 6th ed. Vol. 29. Tehran: Islamic publication; 1971. p. 238. Arabic.##Imami A, Safaaie H. [Family law]. 9th ed. Tehran: Mizan; 2006. p. 2. Persian.##Emami H. [Civil law]. 12th ed. Vol. 4. Tehran: Islamieh; 1995. p. 262. Persian.##Boroujerdi M. [Islamic law whole works]. 1st ed. Tehran: Roham; 2002. p. 198. Persian.##Katooziyan N. [Family law]. 4th ed. Tehran: Mizan; 2006. p. 322. Persian.##Shahidi M. [Human artificial insemination, sets of articles about new human reproductive technologies in Islamic law]. 1st ed. Tehran: Samet; 2003. p. 114. Per-sian.##Kolers A. Cloning and genetic parenthood. Camb Q Healthc Ethics. 2003;12(4):401-10.##Mosavi Bojnordi SM. [Legal reflection (1) family law]. 1st ed. Tehran: Majd. 2008. p. 148-9. Persian.##Momen M. [Cloning]. J New Explor Islamic Jurisprud. 2006;46:40-136. Persian.##Broyde MJ. Cloning people and Jewish law: a preliminary analysis. J Halacha Contemp Society. 1997;34:27-65.##Elsan M, Kanani Z. Meeting of ethics, law and fact in human cloning, necessity of logical analysis and creating equilibrium. In: Allameh University. [Bioethics in lawful, philosophical and scientific view]. Tehran: Samet; 2006. p. 6. Persian.##Soltani AA, Naseri H. [Cloning in the view of Fiqa and Islamic law, from new medical affairs]. 1st ed. Qom: Bostane Ketab; 2008. p. 53. Persian.##Javaheri H. [Cloning]. J New Explor Islamic Jurisprud. 2007;47:81-108. Persian.##Aliyannejad A. [Cloning and usury in ayatollah Makarem Shirazi's viewpoint]. J Res and Hawzah. 2002;6:23-61. Persian.##Cloning in view of ethics and Islamic jurisprudence in statement of Shiite scholars. Iran Newspaper (Iran Cultural-press Institute Ed.). 2003 Jan 9. Tehran.##Hakim Tabatabai, Ms. [Human Cloning in Fiqa and Medical Commandments]. 1st ed. Najaf: Dar-Al-Helal; 2000. p. 21-2. Arabic.##Salari H. [Human cloning]. 1st ed. Tehran: Hakiman; 2003. p. 120. Persian.##What child is this? Marriage, family and human cloning, a report of the commission on theology and church relations of the Lutheran church. 1st ed. United States: Concordia Publishing House; 2002. p. 20.##Hollinger DP. Sexual ethics and reproductive technologies, the reproduction revolution: A Christian family. 1st ed. Cambridge: Eerdmans Publishing; 2000. p. 87.##Evans JH. Religion and human cloning: an exploratory analysis of the first available opinion data. J Sci Study Relig. 2002;41(4):747-58.##Haeri Sk. [Human cloning]. J Ahle- Bayt's Fiqa. 2009;55: 27-44. Persian.##Mosavi Bojnordi SM. [Human cloning, seta of Fiqa, legal and social articles]. 2nd ed. Vol. 6. Tehran: Imam Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution Research Center; 2003. p. 282-3. Persian.##Mosavi Sabzevari SA. [Cloning before law and Islamic jurisprudence]. 1st ed. Tehran: Kosar; 2002. p. 139-40 and 172-6. Arabic.##Moheseni MA. [Islamic jurisprudence and medical affairs]. 1st ed. Qom: Boustane Ketab; 2004. p. 409-10. Arabic.##Shabstari SH. [Studying the legitimacy of human cloning in Islamic jurisprudence, its limitations and conditions]. 1st ed. Tehran: Culture, Art and Communication Research Center; 2009. p. 121-8. Persian.##Valizadeh R, Ari A, Pirdehi MA. [Studying cloning in Fiqa]. J Fiqa Basic Law. 2007;6:175-96. Persian.##An interview with ayatollah Janati. J New Explor Islamic Jurisprud. 2006;46:15-22. Persian.##Taskhiri MA. 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Uterine Artery Interruption: Evidence for Follicular Growth and Histochemical and Biochemical Changes 2 1 2 Background: The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of bilateral uterine artery ligation (BUAL) on the ovarian follicular fate, and alterations in carbohydrate, lipid, lipase and serum levels of F9SH, LH, prolactin, estrogen and progesterone. Methods: Twenty-four mature female rabbits divided into two test and control-sham groups. The animals underwent ovariohystrectomy on days 23, 43 and 63 after BUAL. Later serum and tissue samples were processed for histological and biochemical analyses. Two-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analyses and p<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The ovaries from the case groups exhibited markedly increased atretic follicles, which were characterized by early antrum formation, ooplasmic vacoulation, granulosa cells dissociation and oocyte deformation. Lipid foci were remarkably present in the cytoplasm of oocytes, granulosa and theca cells in BUAL rabbits. Smaller sized atretic follicles showed higher lipid reactions than large ones. The PAS reaction was highly positive in zona pellucida (ZP), basement membrane, granulosa cells and follicular fluid of atretic follicles. Early atresiated follicles showed remarkable reaction sites for lipase. Significant (p<0.05) increase in serum levels of FSH, LH, progesterone, and prolactin was revealed in BUAL rabbits compared to the control group while serum levels of estrogen decreased time-dependently in the test groups. Conclusion: The current study suggests the critical role of the uterine artery in controlling ovulation and follicular growth. Moreover atresia processes might relate to lipid accumulation in the cells along with attenuation of lipase activity. 193 204 Kaveh K Akhtari Kaveh Akhtari Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch Iran Mazdak M Razi Mazdak Razi Department of Comparative Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University Department of Comparative Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University Iran Hassan H Malekinejad Hassan Malekinejad Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University Iran AtresiaFollicleGonadal hormonesLigationUterine artery 510.pdf Kuscu E, Duran HE, Zeyneloglu HB, Demirhan B, Bagis T, Saygili E. The effect of surgical sterilization on ovarian function: a rat model. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2002;100(2):204-7.##Kelekci S, Yorgancioglu Z, Yilmaz B, Yasar L, Savan K, Sonmez S, et al. Effect of tubal ligation on ovarian reserve and the ovarian stromal blood supply. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;44(5):449-51.##Bulent Tiras M, Noyan V, Ozdemir H, Guner H, Yi-ldiz A, Yildirim M. The changes in ovarian hormone levels and ovarian artery blood flow rate after laparoscopic tubal sterilization. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2001;99(2):219-21.##Ozdamar S, Ulger H, Sorkun HC, Müderris I. Effects of hysterectomy on ovarian morphology and serum FSH level in rats. Maturitas. 2005;52(1):60-4.##Kim HS, Thonse VR, Judson K, Vang R. Utero-ovarian anastomosis: histopathologic correlation after uterine artery embolization with or without ovarian artery embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007; 18(1 Pt 1):31-9.##Petri Nahás EA, Pontes A, Nahas-Neto J, Borges VT, Dias R, Traiman P. Effect of total abdominal hysterectomy on ovarian blood supply in women of reproductive age. J Ultrasound Med. 2005;24(2): 169-74.##Ahn EH, Bai SW, Song CH, Kim JY, Jeong KA, Kim SK, et al. Effect of hysterectomy on conserved ovarian function. Yonsei Med J. 2002;43(1):53-8.##Kelekci S, Yorgancioglu Z, Yilmaz B, Yasar L, Sa-van K, Sonmez S, et al. Effect of tubal ligation on ovarian reserve and the ovarian stromal blood supply. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;44(5):449-51.##Camprubí M, Ortega A, Balaguer A, Iglesias I, Girabent M, Callejo J, et al. Cauterization of meso-ovarian vessels, a new model of intrauterine growth restriction in rats. Placenta. 2009;30(9):761-6.##Zackrisson U, Mikuni M, Peterson MC, Nilsson B, Janson PO, Brännström M. Evidence for the involvement of blood flow-related mechanisms in the ovulatory process of the rat. Hum Reprod. 2000;15 (2):264-72.##Wehrenberg WB, Dierschke DJ, Wolf RC, Meyer RK. The effect of ligating the ovarian and uterine arteries on ovarian function in cyclic rhesus monkeys. Biol Reprod. 1979;20(3):596-600.##Luukkainen T. Contraception after thirty-five. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1992;71(3):169-74.##Hulka JF, Phillips JM, Peterson HB, Surrey MW. American association of gynecologic laparoscopic 1993 membership survey. J Reprod Med. 1990;35: 5846.##Battaglia C, Pasini A, Mancini F, Persico N, Burnelli R, Cicognani A, et al. Utero-ovarian ultra-sonographic and Doppler flow analyses in female childhood cancer survivors with regular menstruation and normal circulating follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Fertil Steril. 2006;85(2):455-61.##Sumiala S, Pirhonen J, Tuominen J, Mäenpää J. Increased uterine and ovarian vascular resistance following Filshie clip sterilization: preliminary findings obtained with color Doppler ultrasonography. J Clin Ultrasound. 1995;23(9):511-6.##Campbell S, Bourne TH, Waterstone J, Reynolds KM, Crayford TJ, Jurkovic D, et al. Transvaginal color blood flow imaging of the periovulatory follicle. Fertil Steril. 1993;60(3):433-8.##Robker RL, Russell DL, Espey LL, Lydon JP, O' Malley BW, Richards JS. Progesterone-regulated genes in the ovulation process: ADAMTS-1 and cathepsin L prote-ases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(9):4689-94.##Dahm-Kähler P, Löfman C, Fujii R, Axelsson M, Janson PO, Brännström M. An intravital microscopy method permitting continuous long-term observations of ovulation in vivo in the rabbit. Hum Re-prod. 2006;21(3):624-31.##Acosta TJ. Studies of follicular vascularity associated with follicle selection and ovulation in cattle. J Reprod Dev. 2007;53(1):39-44.##Tanaka N, Espey LL, Okamura H. Increase in ovarian blood volume during ovulation in the gonadotropin-primed immature rat. Biol Reprod. 1989;40(4): 762-8.##Fénichel P, Gobert B, Carré Y, Barbarino-Monnier P, Hiéronimus S. Polycystic ovary syndrome in autoimmune disease. Lancet. 1999;353(9171):2210.##Kim H, Yamanouchi K, Nishihara M. Expression of ski in the granulosa cells of atretic follicles in the rat ovary. J Reprod Dev. 2006;52(6):715-21.##Corner GW. On the origin of the corpus luteum of the sow from both granulosa and theca interna. Am J Anat. 1919;26(1):116-83.##Gunin AG, Sharov AA. Role of mast cells in oestradiol effects on the uterus of ovariectomized rats. J Reprod Fertil. 1998;113(1):61-8.##Junqueira LC, Carneiro J, Kelley RO. Basic histology. 4th ed. California: Lange Medical Publication; 1992. p. 123-4.##Najati V, Sadrkhanlou RA, Hasanzadeh SH, Far-shid AA. Histological and histochemical and electronmicroscopic study on PCO induce immature rat ovary and endometrium. Iran Vet Res J. 2005;7: 176-80.##Henmi H, Endo T, Nagasawa K, Hayashi T, Chida M, Akutagawa N, et al. Lysyl oxidase and MMP-2 expression in dehydroepiandrosterone- induced polycystic ovary in rats. Biol Reprod. 2001;64(1): 157-62.##Dvorak AM. New aspects of mast cell biology. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1997;114(1):1-9.##Faulds G. Mechanism of catecholamine resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome reviewed. Women Health Wkly. 2003;1:6-7.##Jefferson WN, Padilla-Banks E, Newbold RR. Lac-toferrin is an estrogen responsive protein in the uterus of mice and rats. Reprod Toxicol. 2000;14 (2):103-10.##Eagleson CA, Gingrich MB, Pastor CL, Arora TK, Burt CM, Evans WS, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: evidence that flutamide restores sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(11): 4047-52.##Zeleznik AJ, Hutchison JS, Schuler HM. Inter-ference with the gonadotropin-suppressing actions of estradiol in macaques overrides the selection of a single preovulatory follicle. Endocrinology. 1985; 117(3):991-9.##Sumiala S, Pirhonen J, Tuominen J, Mäenpää J. 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Current Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection, A Major Cause of Infertility 2 1 2 Background: In India, the impact of current Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) in reproductive health remains a neglected area of investigation. The present study evaluates if current Chlamydia infection is associated with any clinical complication that needs the attention of clinical investigators. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 896 women attending the Gynecology Out Patient for the detection of C. trachomatis infection. Polymerase chain reaction was used to diagnose current C. trachomatis infection and ELISA for past infections. Bacterial vaginosis, Candida and Trichomonas were screened. The results of symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were compared. The data was analyzed using Epi Info version 6 and "Z" test. A probability value of p≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant association between current C. trachomatis infection with infertility when comparing infected fertile (18.6% vs. 9.4%, odds ratio: 2.19, p<0.0005) and uninfected infertile women (45.6% vs. 27.3%, odds ratio: 2.24, p<0.0001). Average infection rate was 12.1%, highest in women with infertility (18.6%) or with ectopic pregnancy (25%). Significant proportions of infected women with infertility (p<0.01) or with recent pregnancy (p<0.001) were asymptomatic. Follow up of infected women who became negative after treatment [28 women from infertility group and 9 women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA)] revealed live birth in 8 (21.6%) women within one year, 4 with infertility and 4 with RSA. Conclusion: Study findings suggests, association between current C. trachomatis infection and infertility. Absence of signs and symptoms associated with this infection highlights its diagnosis in women with a history of infertility and RSA for their better management, as revealed by live births with one year of follow up. 204 211 Jayanti J Mania-Pramanik Jayanti Mania-Pramanik Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health India jayantimania@rediffmail.com Shilpa S Kerkar Shilpa Kerkar Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health India Shobha S Sonawane Shobha Sonawane Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health India Pratibha P Mehta Pratibha Mehta Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health India Vinita V Salvi Vinita Salvi Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, J M Street, Parel Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, J M Street, Parel India AsymptomaticChlamydia infectionsCurrentInfertility 509.pdf Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J, Mwijarubi E, Klokke A, Senkoro K, et al. Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1995;346(8974):530-6.##Bébéar C, de Barbeyrac B. Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(1):4-10.##Darville T, Hiltke TJ. Pathogenesis of genital tract disease due to Chlamydia trachomatis. J Infect Dis. 2010;201 Suppl 2:S114-25.##Haggerty CL, Gottlieb SL, Taylor BD, Low N, Xu F, Ness RB. Risk of sequelae after Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in women. J Infect Dis. 2010;201 Suppl 2:S134-55.##Stamm WE. Chlamydia trachomatis infections of the adult. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Mardh PA, editors. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999. p. 407-22.##Schachter J, Stoner E, Moncada J. Screening for chlamydial infections in women attending family planning clinics. West J Med. 1983;138(3):375-9.##Cates W Jr, Wasserheit JN. Genital chlamydial infections: epidemiology and reproductive sequelae. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164(6 Pt 2):1771-81.##Malik A, Jain S, Hakim S, Shukla I, Rizvi M. Chlamydia trachomatis infection & female infertility. Indian J Med Res. 2006;123(6):770-5.##Mittal A, Kapur S, Gupta S. Screening for genital chlamydial infection in symptomatic women. Indian J Med Res. 1993;98:119-23.##Singh V, Rastogi S, Garg S, Kapur S, Kumar A, Salhan S, et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of endocervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women attending a gynecology outpatient department in India. Acta Cytol. 2002;46 (3):540-4.##Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29(2):297-301.##Lahiri DK, Nurnberger JI Jr. A rapid non-enzymatic method for the preparation of HMW DNA from blood for RFLP studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991;19(19):5444.##Stephens RS, Mullenbach G, Sanchez-Pescador R, Agabian N. Sequence analysis of the major outer membrane protein gene from Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2. J Bacteriol. 1986;168(3): 1277-82.##Mania-Pramanik J, Potdar S, Kerkar S. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J Clin Lab Anal. 2006;20(1):8-14.##Siemer J, Theile O, Larbi Y, Fasching PA, Danso KA, Kreienberg R, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection as a risk factor for infertility among women in Ghana, West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;78(2):323-7.##Chandhok N, Datey S, Gaur LN, Saxena NC. Prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis in women attending different clinics at tertiary hospitals. J Obstet Gynecol India. 2003;53(5):463-7.##Mania-Pramanik J, Meherji P, Gokral J, Donde U. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in an urban setting. Sex Transm Infect. 2001;77(2):141.##Divekar AA, Gogate AS, Shivkar LK, Gogate S, Badhwar VR. Disease prevalence in women attending the STD clinic in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), India. Int J STD AIDS. 2000;11(1):45-8.##Witkin SS, Ledger WJ. Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in sera of women with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167(1):135-9.##Schachter J. Infection and disease epidemiology. In: Stephens RS, editor. Chlamydia intracellular biology, pathogenesis, and immunity. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1999. p. 139-69.##Thompson SE, Washington AE. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Epidemiol Rev. 1983;5:96-123.##Sellors JW, Mahony JB, Chernesky MA, Rath DJ. Tubal factor infertility: an association with prior chlamydial infection and asymptomatic salpingitis. Fertil Steril. 1988;49(3):451-7.##Osser S, Persson K, Liedholm P. Tubal infertility and silent chlamydial salpingitis. Hum Reprod. 1989;4(3):280-4.##Moscicki B, Shafer MA, Millstein SG, Irwin CE Jr, Schachter J. The use and limitations of endocervical Gram stains and mucopurulent cervicitis as predictors for Chlamydia trachomatis in female adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;157(1):65-71.##Eltabbakh GH, Eltabbakh GD, Broekhuizen FF, Griner BT. Value of wet mount and cervical cultures at the time of cervical cytology in asymptomatic women. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85(4):499-503.##Brabin L, Gogate A, Gogate S, Karande A, Khanna R, Dollimore N, et al. Reproductive tract infections, gynaecological morbidity and HIV seroprevalence among women in Mumbai, India. Bull World Health Organ. 1998;76(3):277-87.##

Effects of Post-coital Administration of Alkaloids from Senna alata (Linn. Roxb) Leaves on some Fetal and Maternal Outcomes of Pregnant Rats 2 1 2 Background: The abortifacient claim of Senna alata (S. alata) was scientifically validated recently with alkaloids speculated to be the bioactive agent. This speculation is yet to be substantiated or refuted by scientific evidence. The present study was aimed to investigate the pregnancy terminating effects of the alkaloids from S. alata leaves. Methods: Twenty four Pregnant rats (143.99±1.21 g) allocated randomly to four groups: A, B, C and D respectively received, 0.5 ml of distilled water, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of the S. alata extracted alkaloids orally, once daily from day 10 until day 18 post-coitum. The indices of abortifacient were evaluated at the end of the exposure period. The results were analyzed by both the analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Thin-layer chromatographic separation produced five spots with Rf values of 0.28, 0.33, 0.39, 0.47 and 0.55 which gave positive reaction with Meyer’s and Wagner’s reagents, respectively. The number of implantation sites and corpora lutea, as well as the concentrations of FSH, LH, progesterone, weight of uterus, uterine/ body weight ratio, glucose and cholesterol decreased significantly (p<0.05) whereas the resorption index, pre- and post-implantation losses, uterine protein content and alkaline phosphatase activity increased significantly. None of the alkaloid treated animals presented with provoked vaginal opening or bleeding except fetal deaths. The alkaloid decreased the maternal weight gain, as well as feed and water intake. Conclusion: Overall, the alkaloids from S. alata leaves exhibited anti-implantation, anti-gonadotropic, anti-progesteronic, embryonic resorptive, feto-maternal toxic activities but not complete abortifacient. The alkaloids alone may not be the sole abortifacient bioactive agent in the leaf extract. 211 217 Musa Toyin MT Yakubu Musa Toyin Yakubu Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin Nigeria tomuyak@yahoo.com Isa Fakai IF Musa Isa Fakai Musa Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin Nigeria AbortifacientAlkaloidEstrogenicityFetotoxicityLeguminosaeResorptionSelectivitySenna alata 512.pdf Owolabi MA, Abass MM, Emeka PM, Jaja SI, Nnoli M, Dosa BO. Biochemical and histologic changes in rats after prolonged administration of the crude aqueous extract of the leaves of Vitex grandifolia. Pharmacognosy Res. 2010;2(5):273-8.##Yakubu MT, Adeshina AO, Oladiji AT, Akanji MA, Oloyede OB, Jimoh GA. Abortifacient potential of aqueous extract of Senna alata leaves in rats. J Reprod Contracept. 2010;21(3):163-77.##Adedayo O, Anderson WA, Moo-Young M, Snieckus V, Patil PA, Kolawole DO. Phytochemistry and antibacterial activity of Senna alata flower. Pharm Biol. 2001;39(6):408-12.##El-Mahmood AM, Doughari JH, Chanji FJ. In vitro antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Nauclea latifolia and Daniella oliveri. Sci Res Essay. 2008;3(3):102-5.##Adedayo O, Anderson WA, Moo-Young M, Kolawole DO. Antifungal properties of some components of Senna alata flower. 1999;37(5):369-74.##Adedayo O, Anderson WA, Moo-Young M, Snieckus V, Patil PA, Kolawole, DO. Kinetics of Antibacterial Activity and Physicochemical Damage Caused by the Extracts of Senna alata Flowers. Kinetics of antibacterial activity and physicochemical damage caused by the extracts of Senna alata flowers. Pharm Biol. 2002;40(6):461-5.##Wuthi-Udomlert M, Prathanturarug S, Soonthornchareonnon N. Antifungal activities of Senna alata extracts using different methods of extraction. ISHS Acta Hortic. 2003;597:205-8.##Okpuzor J, Ogbunugafor H, Kareem GK, Igwo-Ezikpe MN. In vitro Investigation of Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds in Extracts of Senna alata. Res J Phytochem. 2009;3(4):68-76.##Gwotmut M, Nwafor A. Agents of contraction or relaxation of the uterus and alcohol extraction of Xylopia aethiopica. J Crude Drug Res. 2001;30:62-70.##Mahmoudian M, Jalilpour H, Salehian P. Toxicity of Peganum harmala: Review and a case report. Iran J Pharmacol Ther. 2002;1(1):1-4.##Shrestha J, Shanbhag T, Shenoy S, Amuthan A, Prabhu K, Sharma S, et al. Antiovulatory and abortifacient effects of Areca catechu (betel nut) in female rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010;42(5):306-11.##Malpani AA, Aswar UM, Kushwaha SK, Zambare GN, Bodhankar SL. Effect of the aqueous extract of Gloriosa superba Linn (Langli) roots on reproductive system and cardiovascular parameters in female rats. Trop J Pharm Res. 2011;10(2):169-76.##European Treaty Series. European convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. Strasbourg: European Treaty Series; 1986 Mar. Report No.: ETS No. 123.##Manske RHF, Brossi A. The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology. Vol. 8. New York: Academic Press; 1965. 673 p.##Singh DK, Sahu A. Thin layer chromatography of Opium Alkaloids with hybrid CTAB-Alcohol-Water mobile phase and estimation of papaverine. HCl and codeine sulphate in pharmaceutical formulations. J Chin Chem Soc. 2005;52:247-51.##Borde VU, Pangrikar PP, Wadikar MS, Tekale SU. Extraction and thin layer chromatography of alkaloids from Bael (Aegle marmelos) leaves. J Ecobiotechnol. 2011;3(3):1-4.##Salhab AS, Al-Tamimi SO, Gharaibeh MN, Shomaf MS. The abortifacient effects of castor bean extract and Ricin –A chain in rabbits. Contraception. 1998;58(3):193-7.##Almeida FC, Lemonica IP. The toxic effects of Coleus barbatus B. on the different periods of pregnancy in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73(1-2):53-60.##Kanno J, Onyon L, Haseman J, Fenner-Crisp P, Ashby J, Owens W, et al. The OECD program to validate the rat uterotrophic bioassay to screen compounds for in vivo estrogenic responses: phase 1. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109(8):785-94.##Gornall AG, Bardawill CJ, David MM. Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction. J Biol Chem. 1949;177(2):751-66.##Trinder P. Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Ann Clin Biochem. 1969;6(1):24-7.##Roeschlau P, Bernt E, Gruber WJ. Enzymatic colorimetric endpoint method with CHOD-POD. (CHOD: cholesterol oxidase, POD: peroxidase). Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1974;12:226.##Wright PJ, Leathwood PD, Plummer DT. Enzymes in rat urine: alkaline phosphatase. Enzymologia. 1972;42(4):317-27.##Yakubu MT, Bukoye BB. Abortifacient potentials of the aqueous extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves in pregnant Dutch rabbits. Contraception. 2009;80(3):308-13.##Elbetieha A, Oran SA, Alkofahi A, Darmani H, Raies AM. Fetotoxic potentials of Globularia arabica and Globularia alypum (Globulariaceae) in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72(1-2):215-9.##Spencer TE, Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Bazer FW. Progesterone and placental hormone actions on the uterus: insights from domestic animals. Biol Reprod. 2004;71(1):2-10.##Chen Q, Zhang Y, Lu J, Wang Q, Wang S, Cao Y, et al. Embryo-uterine cross-talk during implantation: the role of Wnt signaling. Mol Hum Reprod. 2009;15(4):215-21.##Chang CV, Felício AC, Reis JE, Guerra Mde O, Peters VM. Fetal toxicity of Solanum lycocarpum (Solanaceae) in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;81(2):265-9.##Al-Hamood MH, Elbetieha A, Alkofahi A, Bataineh H. Reproductive toxicity potentials of Salvia fruticosa (Labiatae) in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;61(1):67-74.##Uchendu CN, Isek T. Antifertility activity of aqueous ethanolic leaf extract of Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) in rats. Afr Health Sci. 2008;8(3):163-7.##Yakubu MT, Olawepo OJ, Fasoranti GA. Ananas comosus: is the unripe fruit juice an abortifacient in pregnant Wistar rats? Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2011;16(5):397-402.##Rifai N, John J, Albers PSB. Lipids, lipoproteins and polipoproteins. In: Tietz NW, editor. Fundamentals of clinical chemistry. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2001. p. 462-93.##

Experimental Testicular Torsion in a Rat Model: Effects of Treatment with Pausinystalia macroceras on Testis Functions 2 1 2 Background: Testicular torsion is a medical emergency with catastrophic sequelae that deserves the same treatment considerations and concerted efforts in research as any other complicated medical condition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Pausinystalia macroceras (PM) bark extract on sperm quality and serum testosterone levels in testicular torsion in a rat model. Methods: Sixty-five (65) mature male Wistar rats apportioned randomly into four experimental groups of A to C; were further divided into four subgroups according to duration of torsion. Group D were the normal regular rats. Each group/subgroup comprised five rats. Testis maintained in the torted position (T) for 1, 2, 3 and 4 hr in Group A (subgroups: AT1+PM, AT2+PM, AT3+PM, and AT4+PM). Group B (sub-groups: B1+PM, B2+PM, B3+PM, B4+PM) were shamoperated animals, which did not undergo torsion and served as the sham control group. Group C subgroups: CT1, CT2, CT3 and CT4 were torted as in A. All animals (except groups C and D) were treated by PM extract (0.1 g/kg b.w. per day) for 56 days. Group D rats were fed distilled water. Serum testosterone concentrations and sperm quality (motility and count) were measured. Analyses of variance with Scheffe’s post-hoc test were carried out on the data. Results: PM extract had a positive effect (significant; p<0.5) on the sperm count and motility in rats with testicular torsion compared to those not receiving the extract. There was also an increase in serum testosterone levels in the former groups. Conclusion: Treatment of rats following testicular torsion result to the enhancement of sperm production in comparison with untreated rats. 218 225 Afamefuna Donatus AD Ikebuaso Afamefuna Donatus Ikebuaso Department of Anatomy College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Department of Anatomy College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Nigeria Oshiozokhai Eboetse OE Yama Oshiozokhai Eboetse Yama Department of Anatomy College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Department of Anatomy College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Nigeria dro_yama@yahoo.com FIO FIO Duru FIO Duru Department of Anatomy College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Department of Anatomy College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Nigeria SA SA Oyebadejo SA Oyebadejo Department of Anatomy College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Department of Anatomy College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Nigeria Pausinystalia macrocerasRatSperm qualityTorsion-detortion 513.pdf Rains AJH, Mann CV. Bailey and Love’s short practice of Surgery. 20th ed. London: ELBS; 1988. p. 1352-8.##Williamson RC. Death in the scrotum: testicular torsion. N Engl J Med. 1977;296(6):338.##Kiliç S, Sarica K, Yaman O, Soygür T, Göğüş O, Yaman LS. Effect of total and ionized calcium levels of seminal fluid on sperm motility. Urol Int. 1996;56(4):215-8.##Paul M, Sumpter JP, Lindsay KS. Factors affecting pentoxifylline stimulation of sperm kinematics in suspensions. Hum Reprod. 1996;11(9):1929-35.##Tamunotonye W, Jacks, SA, Asala JP. Testicular Enhancement activity of Aqueous extract of Pausinystalis macroceras stem bark in Wistar rats. J Anat Sci. 2007;1(1):3-6.##Riley AJ. Yohimbine in the treatment of erectile disorder. Br J Clin Pract. 1994;48(3):133-6.##Keay RWJ. Trees of Nigeria. 1st ed. UK: Oxford Clarendou Press; 1989. 476 p.##Natural Standard [Internet]. USA: Natural Standard; 2012. Yohimbine for Heart. 2007 Dec; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://horizon.naturalsta ndard.com/news/news200712005.asp##Letouzey Rene. Notice of phytogeographical map of Cameroon. 1st ed. Cameroun: Institute of International Map of the Vegetation; 1985. 240 p.##Davenport M. ABC of general surgery in children. Acute problems of the scrotum. BMJ. 1996;312 (7028):435-7.##Ikebuaso AD, Yama OE, Amah CI, Oremosu AA, Duru FIO, Oyebadejo SA, et al. Palliative effect of Pausinystallia macroceras on testicular ischemic reperfusion injury in Wister rats: A histological study. Int J Morphol. 2011;29(4):1256-62.##Jegou B, Pineua C, Toppan J. Spermatogenesis in Vitro in Mammals. In: Assisted reproductive technology: Accomplishments and new horizons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. p. 3-6.##World Medical Association; American Physiological Society. Guiding principles for research involving animals and human beings. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002;283(2):R281-3.##World Health Organisation. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1999. 138 p.##Barratt CL. On the accuracy and clinical value of semen laboratory tests. Hum Reprod. 1995;10(2): 250-2.##Tietz NW, Amerson AB. Clinical guide to laboratory tests. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. p. 578-80.##Acott C. The diving "Law-ers": A brief resume of their lives. SPUMS J. 1999;29(1):39.##Turner TT, Bang HJ, Lysiak JJ. Experimental testicular torsion: reperfusion blood flow and subsequent testicular venous plasma testosterone concentrations. Urology. 2005;65(2):390-4##Turner TT, Lysiak JJ, Shannon JD, Nguyen QA, Bazemore-Walker CR. Testicular torsion alters the presence of specific proteins in the mouse testis as well as the phosphorylation status of specific proteins. J Androl. 2006;27(2):285-93.##de Kretser DM. Editorial: Is spermatogenic damage associated with Leydig cell dysfunction? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(7):3158-60.##Medscape reference [Internet]. New York: Web MD LLC; 1994-2012. Male reproductive organ anatomy. 2011 Jul 13; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1899 075-overview##Gonzales GF. Function of seminal vesicles and their role on male fertility. Asian J Androl. 2001;3 (4):251-8.##Gonzales GF. Test for androgen activity at the male reproductive tract in infertile men. Arch Androl. 1994;32(3):235-42.##Higgins SJ, Burchell JM. Effects of testosterone on messenger ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in rat seminal vesicle. Biochem J. 1978;174(2):543-51.##Zanato VF, Martins MP, Anselmo-Franci JA, Petenusci SO, Lamano-Carvalho TL. Sexual development of male Wistar rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1994;27(5):1273-80.##Fawell SE, Higgins SJ. Androgen regulation of specific mRNAs, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-system. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1984;37(1):15-27.##Almenara A, Escalante G, Gazzo E, Gonzales GF. Transillumination to evaluate spermatogenesis: effect of testosterone enanthate in adult male rats. Arch Androl. 2001;46(1):21-7.##Yama OE, Duru FI, Oremosu AA, Noronha CC, Okanlawon AO. Stereological evaluation of the effects of Momordica charantia, antioxidants and testosterone on seminiferous tubules of rat. Int J Morphol. 2011;29(3):1062-8.##Gonzales GF, Garcia-Hjarles M, Napuri R. Corrected seminal fructose levels: index of secretory activity of seminal vesicles. Arch Androl. 1988; 21(2):135-42.##Gonzales GF, Garcia-Hjarles MA, Gutierrez R, Guerra-Garcia R. The secretory activity of the seminal vesicles and its relationship to sperm motility: effects of infection in the male reproductive tract. Int J Androl. 1989;12(4):286-94.##Takihara H, Cosentino MJ, Sakatoku J, Cockett AT. Significance of testicular size measurement in andrology: II. Correlation of testicular size with testicular function. J Urol. 1987;137(3):416-9.##Young KA, Nelson RJ. Mediation of seasonal testicular regression by apoptosis. Reproduction. 2001;122(5):677-85.##Castro AC, Berndtson WE, Cardoso FM. Plasma and testicular testosterone levels, volume density and number of Leydig cells and spermatogenic efficiency of rabbits. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002;35 (4):493-8.##Mahmoud AM, Goemaere S, El-Garem Y, Van Pottelbergh I, Comhaire FH, Kaufman JM. Testicular volume in relation to hormonal indices of gonadal function in community-dwelling elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(1):179-84.##

Effect of Pre-ovulatory Single Dose GnRH Agonist Therapy on IVF Outcome in GnRH Antagonist Cycles; A Prospective Study 2 1 2 Background: The purpose of present study was to evaluate the role of pre-ovulatory GnRH agonist therapy on IVF outcomes in GnRH antagonist cycles. Methods: In this prospective study we recruited 100 infertile women undergoing IVF cycles with GnRH antagonists. The patients were assigned to two groups: Group A (the study group, n=42) were assigned for receiving hCG+triptorelin for the final oocyte maturation and group B (the control group, n=58) were assigned for only hCG. The t-test, chi-square (2), and Fisher's exact test were used for data analysis. A p<0.05 was taken as statistically significant. The results are presented by mean SD, and in percents (%). Results: LH levels significantly (p<0.001) increased in the study group on the day of oocyte retrieval. All embryological parameters including the number of mature oocytes, fertilization and cleavage rates, number of high quality embryos and number of cases whose embryos were frozen were non-significantly higher in the study group. There were small but non-significant improvements in the clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, live birth and implantation rates in the study group. Conclusion: Administering a single dose of GnRH agonist before oocyte retrieval in antagonist cycles may be helpful in improving the pregnancy rate but the results need to be verified in a larger trials. 225 232 Harpreet H Kaur Harpreet Kaur Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Bangalore Assisted Conception Centre Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Bangalore Assisted Conception Centre India drharpreet_sidhu@hotmail.com Deepika D Krishna Deepika Krishna Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Bangalore Assisted Conception Centre Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Bangalore Assisted Conception Centre India Nivedita N Shetty Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Bangalore Assisted Conception Centre Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Bangalore Assisted Conception Centre India Sandhya S Krishnan Sandhya Krishnan Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Bangalore Assisted Conception Centre Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Bangalore Assisted Conception Centre India M.S MS Srinivas Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Bangalore Assisted Conception Centre Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Bangalore Assisted Conception Centre India Kamini K A. Rao Kamini A. Rao Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Bangalore Assisted Conception Centre Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Bangalore Assisted Conception Centre India AntagonistGnRHIVFOvulationPregnancy outcomeTrigger 514.pdf Fleming R, Adam AH, Barlow DH, Black WP, Mac Naughton MC, Coutts JR. A new systematic treatment for infertile women with abnormal hormone profiles. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1982;89 (1):80-3.##Ludwig M. Text book of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. 3rd ed. London: Informa healthcare UK Ltd; 2009. P. 539.##Schachter M, Friedler S, Ron-El R, Zimmerman AL, Strassburger D, Bern O, et al. Can pregnancy rate be improved in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn RH) antagonist cycles by administering GnRH agonist before oocyte retrieval? A prospective, randomized study. Fertil Steril. 2008;90(4):1087-93##Griesinger G, Diedrich K, Tarlatzis BC, Kolibianakis EM. GnRH-antagonists in ovarian stimulation for IVF in patients with poor response to gonadotrophins, polycystic ovary syndrome, and risk of ovarian hyperstimulation: a meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2006;13(5):628-38.##Al-Inany HG, Abou-Setta AM, Aboulghar M. Go-nadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists for assisted conception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD001750.##Kolibianakis EM, Collins J, Tarlatzis BC, Devroey P, Diedrich K, Griesinger G. Among patients treated for IVF with gonadotrophins and GnRH analogues, is the probability of live birth dependent on the type of analogue used? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2006;12(6):651-71.##Zikopoulos K, Kolibianakis EM, Camus M, Tournaye H, Van den Abbeel E, Joris H, et al. Duration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist administration does not affect the outcome of subsequent frozen-thawed cycles. Fertil Steril. 2004;81 (2):473-5.##Kol S, Lightman A, Hillensjo T, Devroey P, Fauser B, Tarlatzis B, et al. High doses of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist in in-vitro fertilization cy-cles do not adversely affect the outcome of subsequent freeze-thaw cycles. Hum Reprod. 1999;14(9): 2242-4.##Yu B, Ruman J, Christman G. The role of peripheral gonadotropin-releasing hor-mone receptors in female reproduction. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(2):465-73.##Pirard C, Donnez J, Loumaye E. GnRH agonist as luteal phase support in assisted reproduction technique cycles: results of a pilot study. Hum Reprod. 2006;21(7):1894-900.##Tesarik J, Hazout A, Mendoza-Tesarik R, Mendoza N, Mendoza C. Beneficial ef-fect of luteal-phase GnRH agonist administration on embryo implantation after ICSI in both GnRH agonist- and antagonist-treated ovarian stimulation cycles. Hum Reprod. 2006;21(10):2572-9.##Lin YC, Chang SY, Lan KC, Huang HW, Chang CY, Tsai MY, et al. Human oocyte maturity in vivo determines the outcome of blastocyst development in vitro. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2003;20(12): 506-12.##Veek LL. An Atlas of human gametes and conceptuses. 1st ed. London. Parthenon; 1999. p. 215.##Youssef MA, Van der Veen F, Al-Inany HG, Griesinger G, Mochtar MH, van Wely M Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist versus HCG for oocyte triggering in antagonist assisted reproductive technology cycles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD008046.##Hernandez ER. Embryo implantation and GnRH antagonists: embryo implantation: the Rubicon for GnRH antagonists. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(6):1211-6##Raga F, Casañ EM, Kruessel J, Wen Y, Bonilla-Musoles F, Polan ML. The role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in murine preimplantation embryonic development. Endocrinology. 1999;140(8): 3705-12.##Rackow BW, Kliman HJ, Taylor HS. GnRH antagonists may affect endometrial receptivity. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(5):1234-9.##Tesarik J, Hazout A, Mendoza C. Enhancement of embryo developmental potential by a single administration of GnRH agonist at the time of implantation. Hum Reprod. 2004;19(5):1176-80.##Isik AZ, Caglar GS, Sozen E, Akarsu C, Tuncay G, Ozbicer T, et al. Single-dose GnRH agonist administration in the luteal phase of GnRH antagonist cycles: a prospective randomized study. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;19(4):472-7.##Ata B, Urman B. Single dose GnRH agonist administration in the luteal phase of assisted reproduction cycles: is the effect dependent on the type of GnRH analogue used for pituitary suppression? Reprod Biomed Online. 2010;20(1):165-6.##

The Effect of Chronic Administration of Methylphenidate on Morphometric Parameters of Testes and Fertility in Male Mice 2 1 2 Background: Due to common use of methylphenidate (MPH) for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the role of the reproductive system in the production of gametes, studying the effects of this medication on the morphometry of testes, serum testosterone concentration, leydig cells function, and fertility rate was the aim of this study. Methods: Twenty seven male mice (Balb/C), eight weeks old, were randomly divided into one control and two treated groups. After weighing the mice, the treated groups received MPH (produced in Novartis company) at the doses of 2 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg for 40 days. The control group received only normal saline. Subsequently, after weighing the animals, the weights of testes, dimensions of the testis, and the serum testosterone concentration were measured in six mice belonging to each group. After tissue processing, the samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, then the leydig cells were counted. In order to assess male fertility in each group, 3 male mice were chosen and each of them was kept with three female mice in a separate cage. After 10 days, the fertility rates of the male mice were determined by counting the number of embryos in uterus and the corpora lutea in their ovaries. Results: The results of this study revealed that prescription of different doses of MPH can cause a significant decrease of the body weight. It reduces the number of leydig cells, too (p<0.01). Moreover, serum testosterone concentration (67.72±8.24 ng/ml in control group and 0.302±0.416 ng/ml after treatment with 2 mg/kg/day MPH) and fertility rate (95.42%±4.68% in control group and 64.96%±18.51% after treatment with 2 mg/kg/day MPH) of the male mice declined significantly in the treated groups compared with the control group (p<0.01), but it did not cause any changes in the weight or morphometric parameters of testes. Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that MPH can negatively affect serum testosterone concentration and fertility rate of the male mice by decreasing the number of leydig cells and reducing the body weight. 232 237 Simin S Fazelipour Simin Fazelipour Department of Anatomy, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University Department of Anatomy, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University Iran Mahsa M Hadipour Jahromy Mahsa Hadipour Jahromy Department of Pharmacology, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University Department of Pharmacology, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University Iran Zahra Z Tootian Zahra Tootian Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University Iran Seyed Babak SB Kiaei Seyed Babak Kiaei General Practitioner, Tehran University of Medical Science General Practitioner, Tehran University of Medical Science Iran Mohammad Taghi MT Sheibani Mohammad Taghi Sheibani Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University Iran Naeimah N Talaee Naeimah Talaee Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University Iran MethylphenidateMiceTestisTestosterone 497.pdf Solanto MV. Neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms of stimulant drug action in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and integration. Behav Brain Res. 1998;94(1):127-52.##Teo S, Stirling D, Thomas S, Hoberman A, Kiorpes A, Khetani V. A 90-day oral gavage toxicity study of D-methylphenidate and D,L-methylphenidate in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology. 2002;179(3):183-96.##Accardo P, Blondis TA. What's all the fuss about Ritalin? J Pediatr. 2001;138(1):6-9.##Goldman LS, Genel M, Bezman RJ, Slanetz PJ. Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. JAMA. 1998;279(14):1100-7.##Levin FR, Kleber HD. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: relationships and implications for treatment. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1995;2(5):246-58.##Chatterjee-Chakrabarty S, Miller BT, Collins TJ, Nagamani M. Adverse effects of methylphenidate on the reproductive axis of adolescent female rats. Fertil Steril. 2005;84 Suppl 2:1131-8.##Manjanatha MG, Shelton SD, Dobrovolsky VN, Shaddock JG, McGarrity LG, Doerge DR, et al. Pharmacokinetics, dose-range, and mutagenicity studies of methylphenidate hydrochloride in B6C3F1 mice. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2008;49(8):585-93.##Beckman DA, Schneider M, Youreneff M, Tse FL. Juvenile toxicity assessment of d,l-methylphenidate in rats. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2008;83(1):48-67.##Markowitz JS, DeVane CL, Pestreich LK, Patrick KS, Muniz R. A comprehensive in vitro screening of d-, l-, and dl-threo-methylphenidate: an exploratory study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006;16(6):687-98.##Jones JR, Caul WF, Hill JO. The effects of amphetamine on body weight and energy expenditure. Physiol Behav. 1992;51(3):607-11.##Tsai SC, Chiao YC, Lu CC, Doong ML, Chen YH, Shih HC, et al. 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Reasons for Elective Cesarean Section amongst Pregnant Women; A Qualitative Study 2 1 2 Background: A qualitative study was carried out on 200 pregnant women attending obstetric offices and Imam Ali Women's Clinic in Zahedan, Iran during January 2010 to August 2011. Twenty-nine focus group discussions (FGDs) with 5-8 participants in each group were formed. The study included women in the third trimester of pregnancy with the intention or decision to undergo elective cesarean section. The women's views were explored and analyzed in group sessions. Subsequently, the responses were divided into four major categories. The majority (50%) of the opinions expressed were psychological in origin, or stemmed from low perceived behavioral control, improper subjective norms, or wrong attitudes about vaginal delivery. Methods: Twenty-nine focus group discussions (FGDs) with 5-8 participants in each group were formed. The study included women in the third trimester of pregnancy with the intention or decision to undergo elective cesarean section. The women's views were explored and analyzed in group sessions. Results: The responses were divided into four major categories. The majority (50%) of the opinions expressed were psychological in origin, or stemmed from low perceived behavioral control, improper subjective norms, or wrong attitudes about vaginal delivery. Conclusion: It is necessary to hold psychological skills training classes for pregnant women and their husbands to persuade them attend group discussion sessions to increase their control on perceived behavior, highlight their positive attitudes and direct them toward natural vaginal delivery. 237 241 Fariba F Shahraki Sanavi Fariba Shahraki Sanavi Student Scientific Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Student Scientific Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Iran Fatemeh F Rakhshani فاطمه رخشانی Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Iran Alireza A Ansari Moghaddam علیرضا انصاری مقدم Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Iran ansarialireza@yahoo.com Mahin M Edalatian Mahin Edalatian Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Social Security Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Social Security Hospital Iran Cesarean sectionElectivePregnancy 503.pdf Jamshidi Manesh M, Oskouie SF, Jouybary L, Sanagoo A. [The process of women’s decision making for selection of cesarean delivery]. Iran J Nurs. 2009;21(56):55-67. Persian.##Sharifi Rad GR, Fathian Z, Tirani M, Mohleki B. [Study on Behavioral Intention Model (BIM) to the attitude of pregnant women toward normal delivery and cesarean section in province of Esfahan -Khomeiny shahr-1385]. J Ilam Univ Med Sci. 2007;15 (1):19-24. Persian.##Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL. Williams Obstetrics. Ghazi Jahani B, translator. 2nd ed. Tehran: Golban; 2005. p. 681-5.##Mostafazadeh F, Mashoufi M, Rostamnejad M. [Attitude of pregnant women and health personnel toward normal delivery vs cesarean section]. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 2006;6(4):403-8. Persian.##Lashgari MH, Delavari S, Markazi-Moghadam N. [Effects of training programs of pregnant women on their delivery type selection: A single blind, randomized control trail]. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 2005;3(4):679-84. Persian.##Karlström A, Rådestad I, Eriksson C, Rubertsson C, Nystedt A, Hildingsson I. Cesarean section without medical reason, 1997 to 2006: a Swedish register study. Birth. 2010;37(1):11-20.##Saisto T, Kaaja R, Ylikorkala O, Halmesmäki E. Reduced pain tolerance during and after pregnancy in women suffering from fear of labor. Pain. 2001; 93(2):123-7.##Negahban T, Ansari A. [Does fear of childbirth predict emergency cesarean section in primiparous women?]. Hayat. 2009;14(3-4):73-81. Persian.##Melender HL. Experiences of fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth: a study of 329 pregnant women. Birth. 2002;29(2):101-11.##Johanson RB, El-Timini S, Rigby C, Young P, Jones P. Caesarean section by choice could fulfil the inverse care law. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2001;97(1):20-2.##Fathian Z, Sharifirad GR, Hasanzadeh A, Fathian Z. [Study of the effects of Behavioral Intention Model education on reducing the cesarean rate among pregnant women of Khomeiny Shahr, Isfahan, 2006]. 2007;9(2):123-31. Persian.##Sharifirad GR, Baghiani Moghadam MH, Fathyian Z, Rezaeian M. The effect of health education using behavior intention model on of cesarean in Khomainy-shahr, Iran. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2009;14(3):105-10.##hdizadeh A, Roosta f, kamali Z, Khoshgoo N. [Evaluation of the effectiveness of antenatal preparation for child birth courses on the health of the mother and the newborn]. Razi J Med Sci. 2003;10 (35):455-62. Persian.##Sharifirad GH, Rezaeian M, Soltani R, Javaheri S, Amidi Mazaheri M. [A survey on the effects of husbands education of pregnant women on knowledge, attitude and reducing elective cesarean section]. Health System Res. 2010;6(1):7-13. Persian.##Kazemzadeh M, Poorolajal J, Ghazanfarzadeh B, Ghahramani M. [Promotion of safe labor through training healthcare workers and pregnant women to reduce cesarean rate in malayer 2004-2005]. J Med Counc Islam Repub Iran. 2007;25(2):149-53. Persian.##Guihard P, Blondel B. Trends in risk factors for caesarean sections in France between 1981 and 1995: lessons for reducing the rates in the future. BJOG. 2001;108(1):48-55.##

Correlation of Sperm Associated Antigen 11 (SPAG11) and its Isoforms with Varicocele in Rats 2 1 630 2 Background: We undertook this study to investigate the variation relationship of sperm associated antigen 11 (Spag11) mRNA expression and SPAG11E protein in the epididymis and spermatozoa of experimental left varicocele (ELV) rats. These findings could contribute to the understanding of the role of epididymal proteins in sperm functions and the mechanism of male infertility induced by varicocele. Methods: The ELV model was established in adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats. Four weeks after the operation, tissue distribution and changes in the expressions of Spag11 mRNA and SPAG11E protein caused by ELV in the whole of left epididymis and spermatozoa were studied using quantitative reverse transcription-polymer-ase chain reaction (RT-QPCR), immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Significant differences were identified using one-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test. Significance level (p) was fixed at 0.05. Results: The expected product of Spag11 was 96 bp that amplified by RT-QPCR was detected in the epididymal tissue and spermatozoa. SPAG11E protein was confined mainly to the supranuclear region of the principal cells and the stereocilium of the epididymal epithelium, it was concentrated on the acrosome and the tail of spermatozoa except the terminal piece. Statistical analyses of the images and the data indicated that Spag11 mRNA and SPAG11E protein expressions in the left epididymis and spermatozoa of ELV rats presented a considerable decrease (p<0.001) compared with that of the corresponding control group. Conclusion: The expressions of Spag11 mRNA and SPAG11E protein declined markedly in ELV rats, which suggest that SPAG11E may not only play an important role in sperm maturation, but it may also be influenced by varicocele. 241 248 Hong H Tian Hong Tian Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University China Yong-Wei YW Huo Yong-Wei Huo Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University China Jin-Song JS Zhou Jin-Song Zhou Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University China Li-Rong LR Wang Li-Rong Wang Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University China Qiu-Yang QY Zhang Qiu-Yang Zhang Research Center of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Research Center of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University China Shu-Dong SD Qiu Shu-Dong Qiu Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University China qiusdxa@mail.xjtu.edu.cn EpididymisRatSperm associated antigen 11 proteinSpermatozoaVaricocele 630.pdf Yenugu S, Hamil KG, Grossman G, Petrusz P, French FS, Hall SH. Identification, cloning and functional characterization of novel sperm associated antigen 11 (SPAG11) isoforms in the rat. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006;4:23.##von Horsten HH, Derr P, Kirchhoff C. Novel antimicrobial peptide of human epididymal duct origin. Biol Reprod. 2002;67(3):804-13.##Fröhlich O, Po C, Young LG. Organization of the human gene encoding the epididymis-specific EP2 protein variants and its relationship to defensin genes. Biol Reprod. 2001;64(4):1072-9.##Fröhlich O, Ibrahim NM, Young LG. EP2 splicing variants in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) epididymis. Biol Reprod. 2003;69(1):294-300.##Avellar MC, Honda L, Hamil KG, Yenugu S, Grossman G, Petrusz P, et al. Differential expression and antibacterial activity of epididymis protein 2 isoforms in the male reproductive tract of human and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Biol Reprod. 2004;71(5):1453-60.##Fröhlich O, Po C, Murphy T, Young LG. Multiple promoter and splicing mRNA variants of the epididymis-specific gene EP2. J Androl. 2000;21(3):421-30.##Hall SH, Yenugu S, Radhakrishnan Y, Avellar MC, Petrusz P, French FS. Characterization and functions of beta defensins in the epididymis. Asian J Androl. 2007;9(4):453-62.##Li P, Chan HC, He B, So SC, Chung YW, Shang Q, et al. An antimicrobial peptide gene found in the male reproductive system of rats. Science. 2001;291(5509):1783-5.##Zhou CX, Zhang YL, Xiao L, Zheng M, Leung KM, Chan MY, et al. An epididymis-specific beta-defensin is important for the initiation of sperm maturation. Nat Cell Biol. 2004;6(5):458-64.##Tian H, Qiu SD, Zhang QY, Xue X, Ge L, Wang LR. [Effects of experimental left varicocele on SPAG11 mRNA and SPAG11E in the testis and epididymis of adolescent rats]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2008;14(3):200-5. Chinese.##Hamil KG, Sivashanmugam P, Richardson RT, Grossman G, Ruben SM, Mohler JL, et al. HE2 beta and HE2gamma, new members of an epididymis-specific family of androgen-regulated proteins in the human. Endocrinology. 2000;141(3):1245-53.##Rodríguez CM, Kirby JL, Hinton BT. Regulation of gene transcription in the epididymis. Reproduction. 2001;122(1):41-8.##Ibrahim NM, Young LG, Fröhlich O. Epididymal specificity and androgen regulation of rat EP2. Biol Reprod. 2001;65(2):575-80.##Yenugu S, Hamil KG, French FS, Hall SH. Antimicrobial actions of human and macaque sperm associated antigen (SPAG) 11 isoforms: influence of the N-terminal peptide. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006;284(1-2):25-37.##Zhang QY, Qiu SD, Ma XN, Yu HM, Wu YW. Effect of experimental varicocele on structure and function of epididymis in adolescent rats. Asian J Androl. 2003;5(2):108-12.##Ozturk U, Kefeli M, Asci R, Akpolat I, Buyukalpelli R, Sarikaya S. The effects of experimental left varicocele on the epididymis. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2008;54(4-5):177-84.##