New Hopes for the Treatment of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency/ Premature Ovarian Failure 2 1 577 2 Primary ovarian insufficiency or premature ovarian failure (POI/POF) is one the causes of female infertili-ty. POI is defined as cessation of menstrual periods, increased levels of FSH and diminished levels of estro-gens before the age of 40. POI occurs in about 1% of women between 30 to 40 years of age, 0.1% of those under 30 and 0.01% of women under the age of 20. Fertility of women with POI is severely diminished, but unlike menopause, POI may be accompanied with spontaneous ovarian activity and natural pregnancies. The major causes of POI include autoimmunity, genetic and environmental factors. At the same increased prevalence of gynecological and other cancers, improvement in the treatment procedures has led to better survival rates but increased incidence of POI in women during reproductive age during the past few decades (1). Given the limited treatment options for women with POI, treatment of POI is performed with two propose: the first being hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to reduce complications due to impaired endocrine function of ovaries, and the second for fertility concerns. Infertility treatments available for POI which may be used before or during ovarian failure, especially in cancer patients, include fertility preservation such as ovarian cortex, oocyte and embryo cryopreservation, oocyte or embryo donation and adoption in women without any ovarian function (1). In contrast to women, there is no critical age at which fertility or fecundity of men declines. Spermatogenesis continues after forties and even in older age due to the renewing stock of spermatogonial stem cells; therefore, preservation of pre-pubertal or adult spermatogonial stem cells provide an unlimited source of adult stem cells for fertility preservation in men (2). Until recently, scientific evidence was based on the limited stock of primordial follicles and subsequent limited number of mature oocytes and absence of possible self-renewing stock of stem cells in normal ova-ries. But recent findings in animals and humans showed that neonatal and adult ovaries possess rare numbers of oogonial stem cells (OSCs) that can stably proliferate for months and produce mature oocytes in vitro, similar to that of the spermatogonial stem cell in adult testis. Injection of labeled OSCs into mouse ovaries lead to differentiation of these cells into mature oocytes that are ovulated, fertilize and generate viable neonates. Studies on the isolation of OSCs form ovaries of aged animals and production of mature normal oocytes in ovaries of young adult animals lead to the recognition of the of importance of OSC niche and intraovarian environment on their differentiation to mature, normal oocytes. Therefore, cases of POI that result from defects in ovarian niche and its insufficiency to support differentiation and growth of oocytes and also ovarian aging may be reversible in future (3). These findings, in addition to large numbers of animal studies, have offered the opportunity for the application of OSCs as a target for POI therapy, restoration of ovarian function and, subsequently, restoration of normal fertility. However, clinical utility of these cells for treatment requires more evidence to confirm their safety, especially the effects from epigenetic changes during in vitro culture, and manipulation of produced oocytes and also resultant offspring. Achieving such success will require allocation of a great deal of time and undertaking huge experimental and clinical studies. Until that time, early diagnosis of POI and offer of cryopreservation may be the only options for fertility preservation in women with POI. Otherwise, they may inevitably embark on donated oocytes and embryos or adopt a child instead but these measures will have psychosocial consequences of their own. 01 3 Mohammad Reza MR Sadeghi محمدرضا صادقی Editor-in-chief Editor-in-chief Iran No Keyword 577.pdf Blumenfeld Z. Fertility treatment in women with premature ovarian failure. Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2011;6(3): 321-30.##Sadri-Ardekani H, Akhondi MA, van der Veen F, Repping S, van Pelt AM. In vitro propagation of human pre-pubertal spermatogonial stem cells. JAMA. 2011;305(23):2416-8.##White YA, Woods DC, Takai Y, Ishihara O, Seki H, Tilly JL. Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women. Nat Med. 2012;18(3):413-21.##

The Concepts and Consequences of Early Ovarian Ageing: A Caveat to Women’s Health 2 1 2 Apparent rise in the incidence of infertility in females and the trend shifting towards delayed child bearing brought up the concept of ovarian ageing. Women in their early thirties show poor ovarian reserve which is an entity named as early ovarian ageing. Early ovarian ageing is mostly genetically determined, but acquired modifiable factors like smoking, or ovarian surgery have some roles. Infertility and subfertility are the only clinical recognizable sequelae in the early ovarian ageing. The worrisome fact is that the outcome of assisted reproductive techniques is also not that much encouraging. Even if ovarian priming with DHEA has raised hope in the assisted reproductive techniques for these patients, but more randomized trials are needed to support this. Screening of these women with antimullerian hormone, antral follicle count and genetic analysis may be useful for recommendation at appropriate biological time regarding conception or fertility preservation. 03 8 Panda P Subrat Panda Subrat Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NEIGRIHMS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NEIGRIHMS India Singh S A. Santa Singh A. Santa Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NEIGRIHMS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NEIGRIHMS India Jha J Vandana Jha Vandana Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NEIGRIHMS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NEIGRIHMS India dr.vandanajha@gmail.com Assisted Reproductive TechniquesEarly ovarian ageingInfertilityOocyte 511.pdf Faddy MJ, Gosden RG, Gougeon A, Richardson SJ, Nelson JF. Accelerated disappearance of ovarian follicles in mid-life: implications for forecasting menopause. Hum Reprod. 1992;7(10):1342-6.##Treloar SA, Do KA, Martin NG. Genetic influences on the age at menopause. Lancet. 1998;352(9134): 1084-5.##Ferraretti AP, La Marca A, Fauser BC, Tarlatzis B, Nargund G, Gianaroli L, et al. ESHRE consensus on the definition of 'poor response' to ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization: the Bologna criteria. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(7):1616-24.##Bancsi LF, Broekmans FJ, Eijkemans MJ, de Jong FH, Habbema JD, te Velde ER. Predictors of poor ovarian response in in vitro fertilization: a prospective study copaing basal markers of ovarian reserve. Fertil Steril. 2002;77(2):328-36.##Broekmans FJ, Scheffer GJ, Bancsi LF, Dorland M, Blankenstein MA, te Velde ER. Ovarian reserve tests in infertility practice and normal fertile women. Maturitas. 1998;30(2):205-14.##Cramer DW, Xu H, Harlow BL. Family history as a predictor of early menopause. Fertil Steril. 1995;64(4):740-5.##de Bruin JP, Bovenhuis H, van Noord PA, Pearson PL, van Arendonk JA, te Velde ER, et al. The role of genetic factors in age at natural menopause. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(9):2014-8.##Lass A, Ellenbogen A, Croucher C, Trew G, Margara R, Becattini C, et al. Effect of salpingectomy on ovarian response to superovulation in an in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program. Fertil Steril. 1998;70(6):1035-8.##Tulandi T, Sammour A, Valenti D, Child TJ, Seti L, Tan SL. Ovarian reserve after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata. Fertil Steril. 2002;78(1): 197-8.##Keay SD, Liversedge NH, Jenkins JM. Could ovarian infection impair ovarian rsponse to gonadotrophin stimulation? Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105(3):252-3.##Sharara FI. "Poor responders" to gonadotropins and levels of antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis? Fertil Steril. 1999;71(2):388-9.##Barnhart K, DunsmoorSu R, Coutifaris C. Effect of endometriosis on in vitro fertiltion. Fertil Steril. 2002;77(6):1148-55.##Augood C, Duckitt K, Templeton AA. Smoking and female infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 1998;13(6):1532-9.##Coulam CB, Adamson SC, Annegers JF. Incidence of premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;67(4):604-6.##Qin CR, Chen SL, Chen X, Xia R, Luo YQ. [Clinical features of women with idipathic premature ovarian failure]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2011;31(5):886-9. Chinese.##Sills ES, Brady AC, Omar AB, Walsh DJ, Salma U, Walsh AP. IVF for premature ovarian failure: first reported births using oocytes donated from a twin sister. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2010;8:31.##te Velde ER, Scheffer GJ, Dorland M, Broekmans FJ, Fauser BC. Developmental and endocrine aspects of normal ovarian aging. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1998;145(1-2):67-73.##Lambalk CB, De Koning CH, Braat DD. The endocrinology of dizygotic twinning in the human. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1998;145(1-2):97-102.##Navot D, Bergh PA, Williams MA, Garrisi GJ, Guzman I, Sandler B, et al. Poor ocyte quality rather than implantation failure as a cause of agerelated decline in fmale fertility. Lancet. 1991;337(8754):1375-7.##Liu L, Keefe DL. Ageing-associated aberration in meiosis of oocytes from senecence-accelerated mice. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(10):2678-85.##Hunt PA. The control of mammalian female meiosis: factors that influence chromsome segregation. J Assist Reprod Genet. 1998;15(5):246-52.##Check JH. Low and high responders--at what levels of serum estradiol do things start to get fuzzy? Fertil Steril. 1999;71(3):582-3; author reply 584-6.##Check JH, Nazari P, Check ML, Choe JK, Liss JR. Prognosis following in vitro fetilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in patients with elevated day 2 or 3 serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is better in younger vs older patients. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2002;29(1):42-4.##Hanoch J, Lavy Y, Holzer H, Hurwitz A, Simon A, Revel A, et al. Young low rsponders protected from untoward effects of reduced ovarian response. Fertil Steril. 1998;69(6):1001-4.##Figueira Rde C, Braga DP, Nichi M, Madaschi C, Semião-Francisco L, Iaconelli A, et al. Poor ovarian response in patients younger than 35 years: is it also a qualitative decline in ovarian function? Hum Fertil. 2009;12(3):160-5.##Soules MR, Sherman S, Parrott E, Rebar R, Santoro N, Utian W, et al. Executive summary: Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STR AW). Fertil Steril. 2001;76(5):874-8.##Treloar AE, Boynton RE, Behn BG, Brown BW. Variation of the human menstrual cycle through reproductive life. Int J Fertil. 1967;12(1 Pt 2):77-126.##Matthews K, Sutton-Tyrrell K. What’s new about menopause and cardiovascular risk? Sex Reprod Menopause [Internet]. 2010 Aug [cited 2012 Apr 10]; 18(3):S8-S12. Available from: http://www. srm-ejournal.com/pdf% 2FMed0/MenMed08 10_Matthews.pdf##Chu M, Rath K, Taylor H. Diminished ovarian reserve in normal cycling women is a predictor of unfavourable lipid levels and increased cardiovascular risk. Fertil Steril. 2001;76 (Suppl):S159–S 160.##van Montfrans JM, van Hooff MH, Martens F, Lambalk CB. Basal FSH, estradiol and inhibin B concentrations in women with a previous Down's syndrome affected pregnancy. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(1):44-7.##Chu MC, Rath KM, Huie J, Taylor HS. Elevated basal FSH in normal cycling women is associated with unfavourable lipid levels and increased cardiovascular risk. Hum Reprod. 2003;18(8):1570-3.##Dorland M, van Kooij RJ, te Velde ER. General ageing and ovarian ageing. Maturitas. 1998;30(2): 113-8.##Ossewaarde ME, Bots ML, Verbeek AL, Peeters PH, van der Graaf Y, Grobbee DE, et al. Age at menopause, causespecific mortality and total life expectancy. Epidemiology. 2005;16(4):556-62.##Hefler LA, Grimm C, Bentz EK, Reinthaller A, Heinze G, Tempfer CB. A model for predicting age at menopause in white women. Fertil Steril. 2006; 85(2):451-4.##Barad D, Brill H, Gleicher N. Update on the use of dehydroepiandrosterone supple-mentation among women with diminished ovarian function. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2007;24(12):629-34.##de Bruin JP, Dorland M, Bruinse HW, Spliet W, Nikkels PG, Te Velde ER. Fetal growth retardation as a cause of impaired ovarian development. Early Hum Dev. 1998;51(1):39-46.##Cresswell JL, Egger P, Fall CH, Osmond C, Fraser RB, Barker DJ. Is the age of menopause determined in-utero? Early Hum Dev. 1997;49(2):143-8.##Tao T, Del Valle A. Human oocyte and ovarian tissue cryopreservation and its applcation. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2008;25(7):287-96.##Poirot C, Schubert B. [Fertility preservation in prepubertal children]. Bull Cancer. 2011;98(5): 489-99. French.##

The In vitro Fertilization of Ovine Oocytes in the Presence of Oviductal Cells and its Effect on the Expression of Zygote Arrest 1 (Zar1) and Subsequent Embryonic Development 2 1 2 Background: The cells of mammalian female reproductive tract have been widely used for in vitro fertilization (IVF). This study was designed to study the effects of oviductal epithelial cells (OECs) and their conditioned medium during IVF on subsequent embryonic development and the relative abundance of zygote arrest 1 (Zar1) transcript in ovine zygotes. Methods: The in vitro matured ovine oocytes were randomly fertilized in the following culture conditions: I) SOFaaBSA+20% sheep serum (control), II) SOFaa BSA+20% sheep serum (50 µl) in the presence of OECs, III) SOFaaBSA+20% sheep serum (100 µl) in the presence of OECs, and IV) OECs conditioned medium (CM). Sigma Stat (Version 2.0) software and one-way ANOVA were considered for statistical analysis. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The cleavage, blastocyst, and hatched blastocyst rates in OECs and CM groups were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.01). In co-cultured groups, the application of two different volumes of IVF medium showed no difference in embryonic developmental indices. The Zar1 gene expression in zygotes produced in the presence of OECs was significantly higher than those produced in the control and CM groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Neither the presence of oviductal epithelial cells nor their conditioned medium could improve the developmental potential of ovine embryos during IVF. Moreover, no relationship was observed between the relative abundance of Zar1 transcript in zygotes produced in different conditions and the corresponding subsequent embryonic development. 08 17 Abolfazl A Shirazi ابوالفضل شیرازی Embryology & Andrology Department of Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute Embryology & Andrology Department of Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute Iran a.shirazi@avicenna.ac.ir Ehsan E Motaghi Ehsan Motaghi Department of Gametes and Cloning, Research Institute of Animal Embryo Technology, Shahrekord University Department of Gametes and Cloning, Research Institute of Animal Embryo Technology, Shahrekord University Iran Epithelial oviductal cellsIVFOvine zygoteZygote arrest 1 516.pdf White KL, Hehnke K, Rickords LF, Southern LL, Thompson DL Jr, Wood TC. Early embryonic development in vitro by coculture with oviductal epithelial cells in pigs. Biol Reprod. 1989;41(3): 425-30.##Kitiyanant Y, Tocharus C, Areekijseree M, Pavasuthipaisit K. Swamp buffalo oocytes from transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration fertilized and co-cultured in vitro with bovine oviductal epithelial cells. Theriogenology;1995;43(1):250-1.##Pavasuthipaisit K, Lhuangmahamongkol S, Tocharus C, Kitiyanant Y, Prempree P. Porcine oviductal cells support in vitro bovine embryo development. Theriogenology. 1994;41(5):1127-38.##Vatzias G, Hagen DR. Effects of porcine follicular fluid and oviductconditioned media on maturation and fertilization of porcine oocytes in vitro. Biol Reprod. 1999;60(1):42-8.##Romar R, Coy P, Ruiz S, Gadea J, Rath D. Effects of oviductal and cumulus cells on in vitro fertilization and embryo development of porcine oocytes fertilized with epididymal spermatozoa. Theriogenology. 2003;59(3-4):975-86.##Kidson A, Schoevers E, Langendijk P, Verheijden J, Colenbrander B, Bevers M. The effect of oviductal epithelial cell co-culture during in vitro maturation on sow oocyte morphology, fertilization and embryo development.Theriogenology. 2003;59(9):1889-903.##Wollenhaupt K, Tiemann U, Einspanier R, Schneider F, Kanitz W, Brüssow KP. Characterization of the epidermal growth factor receptor in pig oviduct and endometrium. J Reprod Fertil. 1997;111(2):173-81.##Romar R, Coy P, Campos I, Gadea J, Matás C, Ruiz S. Effect of co-culture of porcine sperm and oocytes with porcine oviductal epithelial cells on in vitro fertilization. Anim Reprod Sci. 2001;68(1-2):85-98.##McCauley TC, Buhi WC, Wu GM, Mao J, Caamano JN, Didion BA, et al. Oviduct-specific glycoprotein modulates sperm-zona binding and improves efficiency of porcine fertilization in vitro. Biol Reprod. 2003;69(3):828-34.##Verhage HG, Mavrogianis PA, Boice ML, Li W, Fazleabas AT. Oviductal epithelium of the baboon: hormonal control and the immuno-gold localization of oviduct-specific glycoproteins. Am J Anat. 1990;187(1):81-90.##Abe H. The mammalian oviductal epithelium: regional variations in cytological and functional aspects of the oviductal secretory cells. Histol Histopathol. 1996;11(3):743-68.##Dubuc A, Sirard MA. Effect of coculturing spermatozoa with oviductal cells on the incidence of polyspermy in pig in vitro fertilization. Mol Reprod Dev. 1995;41(3):360-7.##Kano K, Miyano T, Kato S. Effect of oviductal epithelial cells on fertilization of pig oocytes in vitro. Theriogenology. 1994;42(6):1061-8.##Martínez E, Vázquez JM, Matas C, Roca J, Coy P, Gadea J. Evaluation of boar spermatozoa penetrating capacity using pig oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage. Theriogenology. 1993;40 (3):547-57.##Chian RC, Sirard MA. Fertilizing ability of bovine spermatozoa cocultured with oviduct epithelial cells. Biol Reprod. 1995;52(1):156-62.##Dubuc A, Sirard MA. Effect of steroids and oviductal cells, from the different parts of the oviduct, on the incidence of monospermy in porcine in vitro fertilization. Theriogenology. 1996;46(3): 449-58.##Gadea J, Ruiz S, Coy P, Poto A, Peinado B, Romar R, et al. In vitro fertilization with frozen semen in swine species. Arch Zootec. 1998;47:299-304.##Hunter RH. Oviduct function in pigs, with particular reference to the pathological condition of polyspermy. Mol Reprod Dev. 1991;29(4):385-91.##Gutiérrez A, Garde J, García-Artiga C, Vázquez I. Ram spermatozoa cocultured with epithelial cell monolayers: an in vitro model for the study of capacitation and the acrosome reaction. Mol Reprod Dev. 1993;36(3):338-45.##Pollard JW, Plante C, King WA, Hansen PJ, Betteridge KJ, Suarez SS. Fertilizing capacity of bovine sperm may be maintained by binding of oviductal epithelial cells. Biol Reprod. 1991;44(1): 102-7.##Sidhu KS, Mate KE, Rodger JC. Sperm-oviduct epithelial cell monolayer co-culture: an in vitro model of sperm-female tract interactions in a marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). J Reprod Fertil. 1998;114(1):55-61.##Smith TT, Nothnick WB. Role of direct contact between spermatozoa and oviductal epithelial cells in maintaining rabbit sperm viability. Biol Reprod. 1997;56(1):83-9.##Areekijseree M, Veerapraditsin T. Characterization of porcine oviductal epithelial cells, cumulus cells and granulosa cells-conditioned media and their ability to induce acrosome reaction on frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa. Micron. 2008;39(2): 160-7.##Bavister BD. Role of oviductal secretions in embryonic growth in vivo and in vitro. Theriogenology. 1988;29(1):143–154.##Way AL, Schuler AM, Killian GJ. Influence of bovine ampullary and isthmic oviductal fluid on sperm-egg binding and fertilization in vitro. J Reprod Fertil. 1997;109(1):95-101.##Verhage HG, Mavrogianis PA, O'Day-Bowman M B, Schmidt A, Arias EB, Donnelly KM, et al. Characteristics of an oviductal glycoprotein and its potential role in the fertilization process. Biol Reprod. 1998;58(5):1098-101.##Killian GJ. Evidence for the role of oviduct secretions in sperm function, fertilization and embryo development. Anim Reprod Sci. 2004;82-83:141-53.##Hamatani T, Carter MG, Sharov AA, Ko MS. Dynamics of global gene expression changes during mouse preimplantation development. Dev Cell. 2004;6(1):117-31.##Dean J. Oocyte-specific genes regulate follicle formation, fertility and early mouse development. J Reprod Immunol. 2002;53(1-2):171-80.##Tong ZB, Gold L, Pfeifer KE, Dorward H, Lee E, Bondy CA, et al. Mater, a maternal effect gene required for early embryonic development in mice. Nat Genet. 2000;26(3):267-8.##Payer B, Saitou M, Barton SC, Thresher R, Dixon JP, Zahn D, et al. Stella is a maternal effect gene required for normal early development in mice. Curr Biol. 2003;13(23):2110-7.##Brevini TA, Cillo F, Colleoni S, Lazzari G, Galli C, Gandolfi F, et al. Expression pattern of the maternal factor zygote arrest 1 (Zar1) in bovine tissues, oocytes, and embryos. Mol Reprod Dev. 2004;69(4):375-80.##Wu X, Viveiros MM, Eppig JJ, Bai Y, Fitzpatrick SL, Matzuk MM. Zygote arrest 1 (Zar1) is a novel maternal-effect gene critical for the oocyte-to-embryo transition. Nat Genet. 2003;33(2):187-91.##Uzbekova S, Roy-Sabau M, Dalbiès-Tran R, Perreau C, Papillier P, Mompart F, et al. Zygote arrest 1 gene in pig, cattle and human: evidence of different transcript variants in male and female germ cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006;4:12.##Wu X, Wang P, Brown CA, Zilinski CA, Matzuk MM. Zygote arrest 1 (Zar1) is an evolutionarily conserved gene expressed in vertebrate ovaries. Biol Reprod. 2003;69(3):861-7.##Ouhibi N, Benet G, Menezo Y. Fetal bovine oviduct epithelial cell monolayers: Method of culture and identification. J Tiss Cult Meth. 1991; 13:289-294.##Tervit HR, Whittingham DG, Rowson LE. Successful culture in vitro of sheep and cattle ova. J Reprod Fertil. 1972;30(3):493-7.##Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402-8.##Hunter RH. Pre-ovulatory arrest and peri-ovulatory redistribution of competent spermatozoa in the isthmus of the pig oviduct. J Reprod Fertil. 1984; 72(1):203-11.##Martus NS, Verhage HG, Mavrogianis PA, Thibodeaux JK. Enhancement of bovine oocyte fertilization in vitro with a bovine oviductal specific glycoprotein. J Reprod Fertil. 1998;113(2): 323-9.##Broermann DM, Xie S, Nephew KP, Pope WF. Effects of the oviduct and wheat germ agglutinin on enzymatic digestion of porcine zona pellucidae. J Anim Sci. 1989;67(5):1324-9.##Coy P, Cánovas S, Mondéjar I, Saavedra MD, Romar R, Grullón L, et al. Oviduct-specific glycoprotein and heparin modulate sperm-zona pellucida interaction during fertilization and contribute to the control of polyspermy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(41):15809-14.##O'Day-Bowman MB, Mavrogianis PA, Reuter LM, Johnson DE, Fazleabas AT, Verhage HG. Association of oviduct-specific glycoproteins with human and baboon (Papio anubis) ovarian oocytes and enhancement of human sperm binding to human hemizonae following in vitro incubation. Biol Reprod. 1996;54(1):60-9.##Cebrian-Serrano A, Salvador I, García-Roselló E, Pericuesta E, Pérez-Cerezales S, Gutierrez-Adán A, et al. Effect of the Bovine Oviductal Fluid on In vitro Fertilization, Development and Gene Expression of In vitro-Produced Bovine Blastocysts. Reprod Domest Anim. 2012 [Epub ahead of print].##Ellington JE, Jones AE, Davitt CM, Schneider CS, Brisbois RS, Hiss GA, et al. Human sperm function in co-culture with human, macaque or bovine oviduct epithelial cell monolayers. Hum Reprod. 1998;13(10):2797-804.##Ellington JE, Samper JC, Jones AE, Oliver SA, Burnett KM, Wright RW. In vitro interactions of cryopreserved stallion spermatozoa and oviduct (uterine tube) epithelial cells or their secretory products. Anim Reprod Sci. 1999;56(1):51-65.##Gualtieri R, Talevi R. In vitro-cultured bovine oviductal cells bind acrosome-intact sperm and retain this ability upon sperm release. Biol Reprod. 2000; 62(6):1754-62.##Kawakami E, Kashiwagi C, Hori T, Tsutsui T. Effects of canine oviduct epithelial cells on movement and capacitation of homologous spermatozoa in vitro. Anim Reprod Sci. 2001;68(1-2):121-31.##Petrunkina AM, Friedrich J, Drommer W, Bicker G, Waberski D, Töpfer-Petersen E. 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In vitro Culture of Human Testicular Stem Cells on Feeder-Free Condition 2 1 2 Background: Spermatogonial stem cells are subpopulation of spermatogonial cells in testis tissue that support beginning and maintenance of spermatogenesis. Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) could be a specific marker for identification of spermatogonial stem cells including spermatogonial sperm cells (SSCs) in testis tissue and during the culture; therefore we undertook this study to culture these human testicular stem cells (hTSCs) in vitro and approved the presence of human testicular stem cells (hTSCs) by UCHL1, also known as PGP9.5. Methods: Enzymatic digestion of human testicular biopsies was done by collagenase IV (4 mg/ml) and trypsin (0.25%). Differential plating of testicular cells in DMEM/F12 and 10% FBS was applied for 16 hr. Floating cells were collected and transferred onto laminin-coated plates with Stem-Pro 34 media supplemented with growth factors of GDNF, bFGF, EGF and LIF to support self-renewal divisions; testicular stem cell clusters were passaged every 14 days for two months. Spermatogonial cells propagation was studied through Expression of UCHL1 in testis tissue and the entire testicular stem cell culture. Results: Testicular stem cell clusters from 10 patients with obstructive azoospermia were cultured on laminin-coated plates and subsequently propagated for two months. The average of harvested viable cells was approximately 89.6%. UCHL1 was expressed as specific marker in testicular stem cells entire the culture. Conclusion: Human testicular stem cells could be obtained from human testicular tissue by a simple digestion, culturing and propagation method for long-term in vitro conditions. Propagation of these cells approved by specific marker UCHL1, during the culture period. 17 23 Zeinab Z Piravar Zeinab Piravar Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Iran Mahmood M Jeddi-Tehrani محمود جدی‌تهرانی Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Mohammad Reza MR Sadeghi محمدرضا صادقی Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR) Iran Arash A Mohazab آرش مهذب Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Akram A Eidi Akram Eidi Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Iran Mohammad Mehdi MM Akhondi محمدمهدی آخوندی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran akhondi@avicenna.ac.ir Human testicular stem cellsLamininLong term cultureUCHL1 517.pdf Clermont Y. Renewal of spermatogonia in man. Am J Anat. 1966;118(2):509-24.##Zhang ZJ, Burgunder JM, An XK, Wu Y, Chen WJ, Zhang JH, et al. Lack of evidence for association of a UCH-L1 S18Y polymorphism with Parkinson's disease in a Han-Chinese population. Neurosci Lett. 2008;442(3):200-2.##Hofmann MC, Braydich-Stolle L, Dym M. Isolation of male germ-line stem cells; influence of GDNF. Dev Biol. 2005;279(1):114-24.##Kubota H, Avarbock MR, Brinster RL. Growth factors essential for self-renewal and expansion of mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(47):16489-94.##Clermont Y. Kinetics of spermatogenesis in mammals: seminiferous epithelium cycle and spermatogonial renewal. Physiol Rev. 1972;52(1):198-236.##Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Miki H, Inoue K, Ogonuki N, Toyokuni S, Ogura A, et al. Long-term culture of mouse male germline stem cells under serum-or feeder-free conditions. Biol Reprod. 2005;72(4): 985-91.##Dym M, Kokkinaki M, He Z. Spermatogonial stem cells: mouse and human comparisons. Birth Defects Res Part C Embryo Today. 2009;87(1):27-34.##Clermont Y. The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in man. Am J Anat. 1963;112:35-51.##Sadri-Ardekani H, Akhondi MA, van der Veen F, Repping S, van Pelt AM. In vitro propagation of human prepubertal spermatogonial stem cells. JAMA. 2011;305(23):2416-8.##He Z, Kokkinaki M, Jiang J, Dobrinski I, Dym M. Isolation, characterization, and culture of human spermatogonia. Biol Reprod. 2010;82(2):363-72.##Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Inoue K, Ogonuki N, Morimoto H, Ogura A, Shinohara T. Serum- and feeder-free culture of mouse germline stem cells. Biol Reprod. 2011;84(1):97-105.##Luo J, Megee S, Rathi R, Dobrinski I. Protein gene product 9.5 is a spermatogonia-specific marker in the pig testis: application to enrichment and culture of porcine spermatogonia. Mol Reprod Dev. 2006; 73(12):1531-40.##Rodriguez-Sosa JR, Foster RA, Hahnel A. Development of strips of ovine testes after xenografting under the skin of mice and co-transplantation of exogenous spermatogonia with grafts. Reproduction. 2010;139(1):227-35.##Tokunaga Y, Imai S, Torii R, Maeda T. Cytoplasmic liberation of protein gene product 9.5 during the seasonal regulation of spermatogenesis in the monkey (Macaca fuscata). Endocrinology. 1999; 140(4):1875-83.##Dann CT, Alvarado AL, Molyneux LA, Denard B S, Garbers DL, Porteus MH. Spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal requires OCT4, a factor down-regulated during retinoic acid-induced differenti-ation. Stem Cells. 2008;26(11):2928-37.##Liu S, Tang Z, Xiong T, Tang W. Isolation and characterization of human spermatogonial stem cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2011;9:141.##Hermann BP, Sukhwani M, Lin CC, Sheng Y, Tomko J, Rodriguez M, et al. Characterization, cryopreservation, and ablation of spermatogonial stem cells in adult rhesus macaques. Stem Cells. 2007;25(9):2330-8.##Wu X, Goodyear SM, Tobias JW, Avarbock MR, Brinster RL. Spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal requires ETV5-mediated downstream activation of Brachyury in mice. Biol Reprod. 2011;85(6):1114-23.##Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Ogonuki N, Iwano T, Lee J, Kazuki Y, Inoue K, et al. Genetic and epigenetic properties of mouse male germline stem cells during long-term culture. Development. 2005;132 (18):4155-63.##Costoya JA, Hobbs RM, Barna M, Cattoretti G, Manova K, Sukhwani M, et al. Essential role of Plzf in maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells. Nat Genet. 2004;36(6):653-9.##Meng X, Lindahl M, Hyvönen ME, Parvinen M, de Rooij DG, Hess MW, et al. Regulation of cell fate decision of undifferentiated spermatogonia by GDNF. Science. 2000;287(5457):1489-93.##

Correlation of the Day 3 FSH/LH Ratio and LH Concentration in Predicting IVF Outcome 2 1 2 Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of day 3 FSH/LH ratio and day 3 LH level as predictors of IVF cycle outcomes. Methods: This prospective observational study was undertaken in the IVF and Reproductive Biology Centre and Lok Nayak Hospital, affiliated to Maulana Azad Medical College, in New Delhi, India. The study included 105 women who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization. Characteristics of IVF cycles and outcomes were studied in patient subgroups based on day 3 FSH/LH ratio (<2 and ≥2) and day 3 LH levels (>3 and ≤3 mIU/ml). The student t-test, Bartlett's test, chi-squred and Fisher's exact test, and linear regression model were used for data analysis. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Women with an elevated FSH/LH ratio ≥2 (n=31) required higher doses of gonadotrophins (3019.34 vs. 2482.43 IU). The outcome of IVF was poor in these patients and they had fewer number of mature follicles (>16 mm) (5.44 vs. 6.09), less E2/mature follicle ratio (4.65 vs. 6.36), fewer retrieved oocytes (6.67 vs. 9.09) and fewer pregnancy rates (11.1% vs. 33.8%). On the other hand, patients with low basal LH levels (≤3 mIU/ml) did not differ significantly in terms of response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation except for fewer number of retrieved oocytes (7.33 vs. 7.91) but there was a trend towards poor pregnancy rates (7.33 vs. 7.91) but there was a trend towards poor pregnancy rates as compared to subgroup with LH levels >3 mIU/ml. Conclusion: Elevated day 3 FSH/LH ratio is associated with inferior outcome in IVF treatment cycles and it could be used as an additional predictor of decreased ovarian reserve. 23 29 Sudha S Prasad Sudha Prasad IVF and Reproductive Biology Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maulana Azad Medical College IVF and Reproductive Biology Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maulana Azad Medical College India drsprasad08@gmail.com Teena T Gupta Teena Gupta IVF and Reproductive Biology Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maulana Azad Medical College IVF and Reproductive Biology Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maulana Azad Medical College India Aabha A Divya Aabha Divya All India Institute of Medical Sciences All India Institute of Medical Sciences India FSHIVF outcomeLHOvarian hyperstimulationOvarian reserve 518.pdf Lenton EA, Sexton L, Lee S, Cooke ID. Progressive changes in LH and FSH and LH: FSH ratio in women throughout reproductive life. Maturitas. 1988;10 (1):35-43.##Lévy DP, Navarro JM, Schattman GL, Davis OK, Rosenwaks Z. The role of LH in ovarian stimulation: exogenous LH: let's design the future. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(11):2258-65.##Liu KE, Greenblatt EM. Elevated day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone ratio >or= 2 is associated with higher rates of cancellation in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles. Fertil Steril. 2008;90(2):297-301.##Noci I, Maggi M, Fuzzi B, Biagiotti R, Ricci F, Marchionni M. Effects of low day 3 luteinizing hormone levels on in vitro fertilization treatment outcome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2000;14(5):321-6.##Mukherjee T, Copperman AB, Lapinski R, Sandler B, Bustillo M, Grunfeld L. An elevated day three follicle-stimulating hormone:luteinizing hormone ratio (FSH:LH) in the presence of a normal day 3 FSH predicts a poor response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Fertil Steril. 1996;65(3):588-93.##Stensen MH, Tanbo T, Storeng R, Byholm T, Fèdor-csak P. Routine morphological scoring systems in assisted reproduction treatment fail to reflect age-related impairment of oocyte and embryo quality. Reprod Biomed Online. 2010;21(1):118-25.##Watt AH, Legedza AT, Ginsburg ES, Barbieri RL, Clarke RN, Hornstein MD. The prognostic value of age and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in women over forty years of age undergoing in vitro fertilization. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2000;17(5):264-8.##Muasher SJ, Oehninger S, Simonetti S, Matta J, Ellis LM, Liu HC, et al. The value of basal and/or stimulated serum gonadotropin levels in prediction of stimulation response and in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertil Steril. 1988;50(2):298-307.##Smotrich DB, Widra EA, Gindoff PR, Levy MJ, Hall JL, Stillman RJ. Prognostic value of day 3 estradiol on in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertil Steril. 1995;64(6):1136-40.##Navot D, Rosenwaks Z, Margalioth EJ. Prognostic assessment of female fecundity. Lancet. 1987;2(85 60):645-7.##Seifer DB, Scott RT Jr, Bergh PA, Abrogast LK, Friedman CI, Mack CK, et al. Women with declining ovarian reserve may demonstrate a decrease in day 3 serum inhibin B before a rise in day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone. Fertil Steril. 1999;72(1): 63-5.##Winslow KL, Toner JP, Brzyski RG, Oehninger S C, Acosta AA, Muasher SJ. The gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist stimulation test--a sensitive predictor of performance in the flare-up in vitro fertilization cycle. Fertil Steril. 1991;56(4): 711-7.##Tomas C, Nuojua-Huttunen S, Martikainen H. Pretreatment transvaginal ultrasound examination predicts ovarian responsiveness to gonadotrophins in in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod. 1997;12(2): 220-3.##Zaidi J, Barber J, Kyei-Mensah A, Bekir J, Campbell S, Tan SL. Relationship of ovarian stromal blood flow at the baseline ultrasound scan to subsequent follicular response in an in vitro fertilization program. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;88 (5):779-84.##Barroso G, Oehninger S, Monzó A, Kolm P, Gibbons WE, Muasher SJ. High FSH:LH ratio and low LH levels in basal cycle day 3: impact on follicular development and IVF outcome. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2001;18(9):499-505.##Shrim A, Elizur SE, Seidman DS, Rabinovici J, Wiser A, Dor J. Elevated day 3 FSH/LH ratio due to low LH concentrations predicts reduced ovarian response. Reprod Biomed Online. 2006;12(4):418-22.##Balasch J, Vidal E, Peñarrubia J, Casamitjana R, Carmona F, Creus M, et al. Suppression of LH during ovarian stimulation: analysing threshold values and effects on ovarian response and the outcome of assisted reproduction in down-regulated women stimulated with recombinant FSH. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(8):1636-43.##Hillier SG. The Parkes lecture: controlled ovarian stimulation in women. J Reprod Fertil. 2000;120 (2):201-10.##Taymor ML. The regulation of follicle growth: some clinical implications in reproductive endocrinology. Fertil Steril. 1996;65(2):235-47.##Muasher SJ, Abdallah RT, Hubayter ZR. Optimal stimulation protocols for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2006;86(2):267-73.##Kolibianakis EM, Kalogeropoulou L, Griesinger G, Papanikolaou EG, Papadimas J, Bontis J, et al. Among patients treated with FSH and GnRH analogues for in vitro fertilization, is the addition of recombinant LH associated with the probability of live birth? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2007;13(5):445-52.##

Classical and Molecular Methods for Evaluation of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Women with Tubal Factor Infertility 2 1 2 Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most reported bacterial sexually transmitted disease, especially among young women worldwide. aim of this study was comparison to evaluate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in woman with tubal infertility by means of PCR and cell culture techniques. Methods: Fifty-one women with confirmed TFI were enrolled in this study in (avicenna infertility Clinic) between January 2010 and January 2011. Cervical swab and cytobrush specimens were collected from each patient by gynecologists and sent to laboratory in transport media. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in samples was performed using PCR and bacteria culture in MacCoy cell line. The data were analyzed by Fisher’s exact test and independent t-test. Statistical significance was established at a p-value <0.05. Results: A significant relation was observed between increased the age of first intercourse and chlamydial infection. Six (11.7%) samples had positive PCR result, whereas cell culture results were positive in only 2 (3.9%) samples. A significant relation was also identified between the duration of infertility and infection (p<0.05) by PCR versus cell culture method. Conclusion: The results showed that PCR is a rapid method, compared to cell culture for detecting Chlamydial organism. It also became clear that the age at first intercourse is important to predict the likelihood of Chlamydia trachomatis. 29 34 Bahareh B Hajikhani Bahareh Hajikhani Reproductive Infections Department of Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Infections Department of Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Tayebeh T Motallebi Tayebeh Motallebi Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch Iran Jamileh J Norouzi Jamileh Norouzi Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch Iran Abbas A Bahador Abbas Bahador Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Rezvan R Bagheri Rezvan Bagheri Reproductive Infections Department of Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Infections Department of Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Soheila S Asgari سهیلا عسگری International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Leili L Chamani Tabriz لیلی چمنی تبریز Reproductive Infections Department of Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Infections Department of Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran lchamani@avicenna.ac.ir Cell cultureChlamydia trachomatisCytobrushPCRSwab 519.pdf Beagley KW, Timms P. Chlamydia trachomatis infection: incidence, health costs and prospects for vaccine development. J Reprod Immunol. 2000;48 (1):47-68.##Patel AL, Sachdev D, Nagpal P, Chaudhry U, Son-kar SC, Mendiratta SL, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia infection among women visiting a gynaecology outpatient department: evaluation of an in-house PCR assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2010; 9:24.##Morré SA, Rozendaal L, van Valkengoed IG, Boe-ke AJ, van Voorst Vader PC, Schirm J, et al. Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis serovars in men and women with a symptomatic or asymptomatic infection: an association with clinical manifestations? J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(6): 2292-6.##Cetin MT, Vardar MA, Aridogan N, Köksal F, Kiliç B, Burgut R. Role of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in infertility due to tubal factor. Indian J Med Res. 1992;95:139-43.##Murawski M, Matusiak M, Gryboś M. [Chlamydia trachomatis as an etiological factor of marital infertility--is a routine diagnostics worth to perform?]. Wiad Lek. 2007;60(9-10):445-8. Polish.##Watson EJ, Templeton A, Russell I, Paavonen J, Mardh PA, Stary A, et al. The accuracy and efficacy of screening tests for Chlamydia trachomatis: a systematic review. J Med Microbiol. 2002;51(12): 1021-31.##Olafsson JH, Davídsson S, Karlsson SM, Pálsdóttir R, Steingrímsson O. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in high-risk females with PCR on first void urine. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996;76 (3):226-7.##Wilcox MH, Reynolds MT, Hoy CM, Brayson J. Combined cervical swab and urine specimens for PCR diagnosis of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76(3):177-8.##Wilkowska-Trojniel M, Zdrodowska-Stefanow B, Ostaszewska-Puchalska I, Zbucka M, Wołczyński S, Grygoruk C, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infection in women with infertility. Adv Med Sci. 2009;54(1):82-5.##den Hartog JE, Morré SA, Land JA. Chlamydia trachomatis-associated tubal factor subfertility: Immunogenetic aspects and serological screening. Hum Reprod Update. 2006;12(6):719-30.##Barlow RE, Cooke ID, Odukoya O, Heatley MK, Jenkins J, Narayansingh G, et al. The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in fresh tissue specimens from patients with ectopic pregnancy or tubal factor infertility as determined by PCR and insitu hybridisation. J Med Microbiol. 2001;50(10):902-8.##Zaeimi Yazdi J, Khorramizadeh MR, Badami N, Kazemi B, Aminharati F, Eftekhar Z, et al. Comparative assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Iranian women with cervicitis: A cross-sectional study. Iran J Public Health. 2006;35(2):69-75.##Malik A, Jain S, Hakim S, Shukla I, Rizvi M. Chlamydia trachomatis infection & female infertility. Indian J Med Res. 2006;123(6):770-5.##El Qouqa IA, Shubair ME, Al Jarousha AM, Sharif FA. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among women attending gynecology and infertility clinics in Gaza, Palestine. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(3):334-41.##Jenab Anahita, Golbang N, Golbang P, Chamani-Tabriz L, Roghanian R. Diagnostic Value of PCR and ELISA for Chlamydia trachomatis in a Group of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Women in Isfahan, Iran. Inter J Fertil Steril. 2009;2(4):193-8.##Jaschek G, Gaydos CA, Welsh LE, Quinn TC. Direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic men by using a rapid polymerase chain reaction assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31(5):1209-12.##Puolakkainen M, Hiltunen-Back E, Reunala T, Suhonen S, Lähteenmäki P, Lehtinen M, et al. Comparison of performances of two commercially available tests, a PCR assay and a ligase chain reaction test, in detection of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(6): 1489-93##

Sexual Behavior of Married Iranian Women, Attending Taleghani Public Health Center 2 1 2 Background: Sexual practices as an important aspect of reproductive health have many physical and psychological effects on people’s lives, there is limited evidence on such practices and their pattern among Iranian women. Hence we aimed to determine different types of sexual practices among 19-45 year old married Iranian women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 married women, aged 19-45 years, attending Taleghani Public Health Center for annual gynecologic examination during November 2008 to May 2009 using convenient sampling. The participants were enquired about their experience regarding different types of sex, as well as their views and feelings about such practices, using an anonymous questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the participants was 34 years. All had ever experienced vaginal sex and 50.9% reported ever experience of other types of sex (non-vaginal), as well. Due to some stigma attached to non-vaginal sexual practices among women in Iran, the feelings of women with regard to different sexual practices were also examined in this paper. Conclusion: This study showed that non-vaginal sex among women is considerable and because of less favourable views of women towards such practices, it seems that these practices might have psychologically impacts on women’s life. Hence, counseling and educational programs designed for married men and women can include some factual information about different types of sex. 34 39 Somayeh S Hashemi سمیه هاشمی Reproductive Health Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Reproductive Health Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Iran Seddighe S Seddigh صدیقه صدیق Nursing Midwifery School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Nursing Midwifery School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Iran Fahimeh F Ramezani Tehrani فهیمه رمضانی تهرانی Reproductive Health Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Reproductive Health Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Iran Seyed Mehdi SM Hasanzadeh Khansari Seyed Mehdi Hasanzadeh Khansari Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran Nahid N Khodakarami ناهید خداکرمی Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Iran Khodakarami@sbmu.ac.ir Anal sexOral sexSexual behaviorSexual practiceVaginal sexSexual healthReproductive health 520.pdf Lindau ST, Gavrilova N. Sex, health, and years of sexually active life gained due to good health: evidence from two US population based cross sectional surveys of ageing. BMJ. 2010;340:c810.##Sanders SA, Reinisch JM. Would you say you "had sex" if...? JAMA. 1999;281(3):275-7.##Halperin DT. Heterosexual anal intercourse: preva-lence, cultural factors, and HIV infection and other health risks, Part I. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 1999; 13(12):717-30.##Voeller B. AIDS and heterosexual anal intercourse. Arch Sex Behav. 1991;20(3):233-76.##Edwards S, Carne C. Oral sex and transmission of non-viral STIs. Sex Transm Infect. 1998;74(2):95-100.##Hawkins DA. Oral sex and HIV transmission. Sex Transm Infect. 2001;77(5):307-8.##Bruce AJ, Rogers RS 3rd. Oral manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Dermatol. 2004; 22(6):520-7.##D'Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, Pawlita M, Fakhry C, Koch WM, et al. Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(19):1944-56.##Holly EA, Ralston ML, Darragh TM, Greenblatt R-M, Jay N, Palefsky JM. Prevalence and risk factors for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(11):843-9.##Frisch M, Glimelius B, van den Brule AJ, Wohlfahrt J, Meijer CJ, Walboomers JM, et al. Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(19):1350-8.##Mosher WD, Chandra A, Jones J. Sexual behavior and selected health measures: men and women 15-44 years of age, United States, 2002. Adv Data. 2005;(362):1-55.##Refaie Shirpak K, Chinichian M, Maticka-Tyndale E, Eftekhar Ardebili H, Pourreza A, Ramenzan-khani A. A qualitative assessment of the sex education needs of married Iranian women. Sex Cult. 2008;12(3):133-150.##Whestheimer RLS. Human Sexuality: A psychology perspective. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 220.##Ahmadi SM, Rezaei Gh. Relationship with the Husband's Rights and Social Participation of Women. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. 2011;5(10):1030-6.##Khalaj Abadi Farahani F, Shah I, Cleland J, Mohammadi MR. Adolescent males and young females in Tehran: differing perspectives, behaviors and needs for reproductive health and implications for gender sensitive interventions. J Reprod Infertil. 2012;13(2):101-110.##Gilbart VL, Mercer CH, Dougan S, Copas AJ, Fenton KA, Johnson AM, et al. Factors associated with heterosexual transmission of HIV to individuals without a major risk within England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: a comparison with national probability surveys. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82(1):15-20##Johnson AM, Mercer CH, Erens B, Copas AJ, Mc-Manus S, Wellings K, et al. Sexual behaviour in Britain: partnerships, practices, and HIV risk behaviours. Lancet. 2001;358(9296):1835-42.##Gindi RM, Ghanem KG, Erbelding EJ. Increases in oral and anal sexual exposure among youth attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics in Baltimore, Maryland. J Adolesc Health. 2008;42(3): 307-8##Farahani FK, Cleland J, Mehryar AH. Associations between family factors and premarital heterosexual relationships among female college students in Tehran. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2011;37 (1):30-9.##Gail Hawkes. A sociology of sex and sexuality. 1st ed. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press; 1996. 164 p.##Horvath M, Brown J. Between a rock and a hard place. Psychologist. 2010;23(7):556-9.##Hensel DJ, Fortenberry JD, Orr DP. Variations in coital and noncoital sexual repertoire among adolescent women. J Adolesc Health. 2008;42(2):170-6.##

The Anti-fertility Effects of Acacia nilotica in Male Wistar Rats 2 1 2 Background: A bulk of contraceptives on the market is women-oriented today. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a medicinal herb, Acacia nilotica on various parameters of male fertility using a rat model. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=40) were randomly divided in to two groups. One group received Acacia nilotica, while the other acted as controls. Ten animals from each group were sacrificed after 16 weeks. Treatment was withdrawn for the remaining animals for 8 weeks. Blood was collected for hormonal analysis. The testis was removed for histological examination, while epididymal spermatozoa were retrieved for motility and morphological analysis. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Sperm motility, progressive motility and sperm concentration significantly decreased in treated animals compared to the controls (p<0.05). Withdrawing the treatment did not restore these parameters (p<0.05). Abnormal sperm morphology significantly increased in both the treated and treatment withdrawn groups when compared to the controls (p<0.05). Testosterone concentrations were significantly lower in the treated group when compared to the controls (p<0.05) and no significant differences were observed between the controls and the treated animals when treatment was withdrawn. Histological observations showed that Acacia nilotica treatment disrupted semeniferous tubule architechture and consequently the spermatogenesis process. Conclusion: These results show that Acacia nilotica severely affects sperm morphology, progressive motility and sperm concentration irreversibly in Wistar rats. 39 43 Fanuel F Lampiao Fanuel Lampiao Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Physiology, College of Medicine Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Physiology, College of Medicine Malawi flampiao@medcol.mw Acacia niloticaContraceptivesFamily planningFertilityHerbal medicine 521.pdf Ezeh AC, Bongaarts J, Mberu B. Global population trends and policy options. Lancet. 2012;380(9837):142-8.##Henshaw SK. Unintended pregnancy in the United States. Fam Plann Perspect. 1998;30(1):24-9.##Finer LB, Henshaw SK. Abortion incidence and services in the United States in 2000. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2003;35(1):6-15.##Besculides M, Laraque F. Unintended pregnancy among the urban poor. J Urban Health. 2004;81(3):340-8.##Goto A, Yasumura S, Yabe J, Reich MR. Addressing Japan's fertility decline: influences of unintended pregnancy on child rearing. Reprod Health Matters. 2006;14(27):191-200.##Ringheim K. Factors that determine prevalence of use of contraceptive methods for men. Stud Fam Plann. 1993;24(2):87-99.##Chinoy NJ, D'Souza JM, Padman P. Contraceptive efficacy of Carica papaya seed extract in male mice (Mus musculus). Phytother Res. 1995;9(1):30-6.##Zhen QS, Ye X, Wei ZJ. Recent progress in research on Tripterygium: a male antifertility plant. Contraception. 1995;51(2):121-9.##Rao MV. Effects of alcoholic extract of Solanum xanthocarpum seeds in adult male rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1988;26(2):95-8.##Arjmand M, Malini T, Aruldhas MM, Govindarajulu P. Effect of Solasonine, A plant alkaloid, on the epididymis. I Histology and specific activity of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. J Reprod Biol Com Endocrinol. 1992;4:46-56.##Singh D, Gupta R, Saraf SA. Herbs-are they safe enough? an overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2012; 52(10):876-98.##Mbuna J, Mhinzi GS. Evaluation of gum exudates from three selected plant species form Tanzania for food and pharmaceutical applications. J Sci Food Agr. 2003;83(2):142-6.##

Incomplete Cesarean Scar Rupture 2 1 2 Background: Uterine rupture at the site of a previous cesarean scar is an uncommon but catastrophic complication of pregnancy, which is associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Case Presentation: A 30-year old woman at 24th week of gestation and complaint of pain, contractions and spotting was admitted in Royan Institute in Tehran, Iran. She had a past medical history of an EP and a cesarean section delivery, respectively 4 and 2 years before hospitalization. Herniation of an amniotic membrane into the maternal bladder was found on ultrasound examination. Conclusion: Risk factors of cesarean scar rupture should be considered in women undergoing subsequent pregnancies as they need extra care. Ultrasonography can be used to evaluate women with previous cesarean section to assess the risks of scar rupture during subsequent pregnancies. 43 46 Firoozeh F Ahmadi Firoozeh Ahmadi Department of Reproductive Imaging, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR Department of Reproductive Imaging, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR Iran dr.ahmadi1390@gmail.com Shiva S Siahbazi Shiva Siahbazi Department of Reproductive Imaging, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR Department of Reproductive Imaging, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR Iran Farnaz F Akhbari Farnaz Akhbari Department of Reproductive Imaging, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR Department of Reproductive Imaging, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR Iran Caesarian sectionDehiscenceRuptureScar 522.pdf Taipale P, Karhumaa J, Penttinen J. Two- and three-dimensional sonographic diagnosis of incomplete uter-ine scar rupture during pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;25(4):418-9.##Jastrow N, Chaillet N, Roberge S, Morency AM, Lacasse Y, Bujold E. Sonographic lower uterine segment thickness and risk of uterine scar defect: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010;32 (4):321-7.##Ofili-Yebovi D, Ben-Nagi J, Sawyer E, Yazbek J, Lee C, Gonzalez J, et al. Deficient lower-segment Cesarean section scars: prevalence and risk factors. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;31(1):72-7.##Rozenberg P, Goffinet F, Phillippe HJ, Nisand I. Ultrasonographic measurement of lower uterine segment to assess risk of defects of scarred uterus. Lancet. 1996;347(8997):281-4.##Armstrong V, Hansen WF, Van Voorhis BJ, Syrop CH. Detection of cesarean scars by transvaginal ultrasound. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(1):61-5.##Fukuda M, Fukuda K, Mochizuki M. Examination of previous caesarean section scars by ultrasound. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1988;243(4):221-4.##Arulkumaran S, Chua S, Ratnam SS. Symptoms and signs with scar rupture--value of uterine activity measurements. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992; 32(3):208-12.##Gotoh H, Masuzaki H, Yoshida A, Yoshimura S, Miyamura T, Ishimaru T. Predicting incomplete uterine rupture with vaginal sonography during the late second trimester in women with prior cesarean. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95(4):596-600.##

Endometriosis: A History Written by Aberrant Hoxa10 Gene Expression and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) System Polymorphism? 2 1 2 Endometriosis is a gynecologic disorder characterized by the presence of viable, extrauterine endometrial tissue, predominantly on the ovary and pelvic peritoneum (1-3). Typical symptoms consist of pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility (1, 2). This condition takes place only in women of menstrual age, can grow or bleed cyclically and may cause adhesions (1, 2). Endometriosis represents a worldwide social disease compromising quality of life (1, 2).... 46 48 Raffaella R Mormile Raffaella Mormile Division of Pediatric and Neonatology, Moscati Hospital Division of Pediatric and Neonatology, Moscati Hospital Italy raffaellamormile@alice.it Giorgio G Vittori Giorgio Vittori Division of Gynecology, San Carlo di Nancy Hospital Division of Gynecology, San Carlo di Nancy Hospital Italy No Keyword 523.pdf Giudice LC. Clinical practice. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(25):2389-98.##Ejskjaer K, Sorensen BS, Poulsen SS, Mogensen O, Forman A, Nexo E. Expression of the epidermal growth factor system in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Mol Hum Reprod. 2005;11(8): 543-51.##Ejskjaer K, Sorensen BS, Poulsen SS, Mogensen O, Forman A, Nexo E. Expression of the epidermal growth factor system in eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis differs from that in endometrium from healthy women. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2009;67(2):118-26.##Araújo AP, Catarino R, Ribeiro R, Pereira D, Pinto D, Medeiros R. Epidermal growth factor genetic variation associated with advanced cervical cancer in younger women. Am J Clin Oncol. 2012;35(3): 247-50.##Aghajanova L, Giudice LC. Molecular evidence for differences in endometrium in severe versus mild endometriosis. Reprod Sci. 2011;18(3):229-51.##Li-Kroeger D, Witt LM, Grimes HL, Cook TA, Gebelein B. Hox and senseless antagonism functions as a molecular switch to regulate EGF secretion in the Dro-sophila PNS. Dev Cell. 2008;15 (2):298-308.##Zanatta A, Rocha AM, Carvalho FM, Pereira RM, Taylor HS, Motta EL, et al. The role of the Hoxa 10/HOXA10 gene in the etiology of endometriosis and its related infertility: a review. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2010;27(12):701-10.##Kim JJ, Taylor HS, Lu Z, Ladhani O, Hastings JM, Jackson KS, et al. Altered expression of HOXA10 in endometriosis: potential role in decidualization. Mol Hum Reprod. 2007;13(5):323-32.##