It Is Time to Pay More Attention to Sperm Cryopreservation: Now More Than Ever! 2 1 670 2 Semen cryopreservation and sperm freezing has a long history of over 65 years. However, embryo freezing and oocyte cryopreservation in human infertility has a shorter history up to 40 years. Embryo and oocyte freezing had a tremendous progress and development in past four decades so it improved from slow freezing procedure with less than 10% survival rate at beginning to vitrification procedures with 100% survival rate through freezing/thawing cycle for oocyte and embryo at present. Relying on this improvement of the freezing techniques, fertility preservation for women due to medical or social reasons has been carried out as a secure and efficient service worldwide. Also, embryo freezing is a fixed part of IVF/ICSI infertility treatment cycle to increase the success rate of these cycles. The practice is done in a way that, at present, freezing of all embryos and subsequently transfer of frozen/thawed embryos in natural cycle without ovarian stimulation is possible. This current capacity is provided by the guarantee that no embryos are damaged through the freezing/thawing procedures. The situation in the case of semen/sperm is not similar even with longer history of freezing/thawing. Current procedures used for sperm freezing/thawing lead to a decrease of more than 50% in motility and survival rate. Sperm chromatin also damages following cryopreservation. For a healthy man the total count of sperm per ejaculate is more than hundred millions and the 50% reduction in quality and quantity of motile sperm will not be so problematic. Several millions of motile and intact sperm following thawing will be sufficient for fertility preservation through Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) (1). However, the semen of oligoasthenteratozoospermic (OAT) men often contains a very limited number of spermatozoa and they are always candidates for sperm freezing and fertility preservation in future. Unfortunately, current methods of cryopreservation have little efficiency to preserve limited number of sperm in total semen precipitate. During the past decade, many researchers attempted to invent new technologies in particular for freezing of individual or limited numbers of human spermatozoa in men with severe male factor infertility. They applied several biological and non-biological carriers including human, mouse and hamster zona pellucida, agarose and alginate microspheres, ICSI pipettes, cryoloops, mini-straws, microdroplets and many other carriers for cryopreservation of several small aliquots or even small numbers of sperm to preserve fertility especially for men with transient azoospermia. They failed to present an ideal and efficient carrier or vehicle and also freezing method with acceptable clinical outcomes for widespread easy and safe application (2). However, vitrification procedure provided excellent results on oocyte/embryo cryopreservation but its early try for sperm freezing using different cryoprotectants failed to provide acceptable results in comparison with vapor phase freezing method and therefore, it did not attract the scholars’ interest. More recent studies on vitrification of processed and washed spermatozoa, free of seminal plasma and without any cryoprotectant, provide better outcomes in comparison with routine method of sperm freezing. So, this preliminary finding provides new opportunity for cryostorage of sperm in infertile men that surely has a limited number of sperm (3). On the other hand, researches on freeze-drying of human and animals’ sperm continue. Although the results on human sperm was not satisfactory but early attempts reported encouraging results on mouse, fowl, rabbit, and bull. The ability of storage of sperm at ambient temperature or refrigerator (4-8°C) signiﬁcantly reduces the expenses of handling, transport and storage of semen samples (4). This opens a bright prospect in the field of fertility preservation for men. Now, with regard to the harmful environmental factors and the issue of declining of male fertility and semen quality over the time, the need for paying more attention to sperm cryopreservation is the hot topic. The future cryopreservation technologies should be more investigated at the level of clinical outcomes. The recent evidence is not enough for distinguishing the superiority of one technique over the others. However, all of available techniques have degrees of partial failures but they meet daily needs of infertility clinics and need serious improvement in future. 01 2 Mohammad Reza MR Sadeghi محمدرضا صادقی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran sadeghi@avicenna.ac.ir No Keyword 670.pdf Konc J, Kanyo K, Kriston R, Somoskoi B, Cseh S. Cryopreservation of embryos and oocytes in human assisted reproduction. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:307268.##AbdelHafez F, Bedaiwy M, El-Nashar SA, Sabanegh E, Desai N. Techniques for cryopreservation of individual or small numbers of human spermatozoa: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update. 2009;15(2):153-64.##Slabbert M, du Plessis SS, Huyser C. Large volume cryoprotectant-free vitrification: an alternative to conventional cryopreservation for human spermatozoa. Andrologia. 2015;47(5):594-9.##Keskintepe L, Eroglu A. Freeze-drying of mammalian sperm. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1257:489-97.##

An Evaluation of the Historical Importance of Fertility and Its Reflection in Ancient Mythology 2 1 657 2 Myths are reflective of human concerns and needs during ancient times. By reviewing them, it turns out that many human problems today, have a historical background. Among the main themes of ancient mythologies, fertility and reproduction have various representations in ancient civilizations. The purpose of this paper was to review myths and common symbols of fertility and reproduction in ancient civilizations and evaluate the reasons of their continuous importance in different cultures. The data in this review study was obtained by scrutinizing the related literature. The gathered data indicated the multiplicity and variety of fertility symbols in ancient myths. Most ancient fertility symbols were inspired by the nature and some of them like earth and water were common in mythology of different civilizations. Therefore, the symbols consolidate the concept of conformity between human reproductive concerns and the nature’s necessities. 02 10 Zohreh Z Behjati Ardakani Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Mohammad Mehdi MM Akhondi محمدمهدی آخوندی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran akhondi@avicenna.ac.ir Homa H Mahmoodzadeh Avicenna Infertility Clinic, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Avicenna Infertility Clinic, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Seyed Hasan SH Hosseini Department of Sociology, University of Tehran Department of Sociology, University of Tehran Iran Ceremonial behaviorCultureFertilityHumanInfertilityMythology 657.pdf Campbell DE. Choosing Democracy: A practical guide to multicultural education. 4th ed. New York: Pearson; 2000. 480 p.##Marshall PL. Cultural Diversity in our Schools. 1st ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning; 2001. 384 p.##Murphy Robert. Culture and Social Anthropology: An Overture. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 14; 1986. 248 p.##Taylor EB. Anthropology: An Introduction to the Study of Man and Civilization. 1st ed. London: Facsimile Publisher; 2015. 512 p.##Eliade M. Myths and Reality. 1st ed. New York: Harper & Row; 1963. 204 p.##Eliade M. History of Religious. 1st ed. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press; 1981. 508 p.##Armstrong K. A Short History of Myth. 1st ed. Edinburgh: Canongate; 2006. 176 p.##Ashouri D. [Definition and Concept of Culture]. 1st ed. Tehran: Agah Publishing House; 1995. 160 p. Persian.##Bahar M. [From Mythology to History]. 8th ed. Tehran: Cheshmeh Publications; 2013. 675 p. Persian.##Pahlevan Ch. [Ethnography (Speech in the field of culture and civilization)]. 3rd ed. Tehran: Ghatreh Publications; 2011. 566 p. Persian.##De Beaucorps M. Les Symboles Vivants. 1st ed. Paris: Nathan; 1986. 133 p.##Rezaei Bagh Bidi H. [Reflection of Patriarchal Cultures in Indo-European Languages]. Name-ye Farhangestan, (9). Tehran: Iranian Academy of Persian Language and Literature; 1997. 10 p. Persian.##Zarinkoob A. [History on Scale]. 10th ed. Tehran: Amirkabir Publication; 1996. 323 p. Persian.##Bachofen JJ. Myth, Religion, and Mother Right. 1st ed. Mannheim R, translator. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1992. 368 p.##Sattari J. [Myth in Today’s World]. 2nd ed. Tehran: Markaz Publication; 2004. 228 p. Persian.##Sattari J. [The Portrait of Woman in Iranian Culture]. 6th ed. Tehran: Markaz Publication; 2011. 298 p. Persian.##Sheikh Farshi F. [Anahita in Ancient Iranian Beliefs]. 1st ed. Tehran: Horufieh Publication; 2003. 112 p. Persian.##Ghareshi A. [Water and Mountain in Indian and Iranian Mythology]. 1st ed. Tehran: Hermes Publications; 2003. 249 p. Persian.##Malinowski B. [Myth in Primitive Psychology in the World of Mythology]. 4th ed. Sattari J, translator. Theran: Markaz Publication; 2007. 168 p. Persian.##Campbell J. The Power of Myth. 1st ed. New York: Doubleday; 1988. 231 p.##Grimal P. Dictionnaire de la Mythologie Grecque et Romaine. 12th ed. Paris: PUF; 1994. 574 p.##Lahiji Sh, Kar M. [Recognition and Female Identity in Prehistory and History Period]. 1st ed. Tehran: Roshangaran & Women studies publishing; 1992. 350 p. Persian.##Aryani E. [The First Intellectualization Articles on Aart and Nature Elements (water, soil, air and fire)]. 1st ed. Tehran: Iranian Academy of Arts Press; 2005. 240 p. Persian.##Warner R. Encyclopedia of World Mythology. 1st ed. London: Galahad; 1975. 252 p.##Hinnells JR. Persian Mythology. 1st ed. New York: P. Bedrick Books; 1985. 143 p.##

Induction of Asherman's Syndrome in Rabbit 2 1 649 2 Background: Uterine synechiae or Asherman's syndrome is a condition that can cause infertility. The present experimental study was designed to establish the rabbit as an animal model for human Asherman's syndrome using the endometrial curettage. Methods: In an experimental study, female adult rabbits (n=18) were randomly divided into intact and ovariectomized groups. One third of caudal part of both uteri was submitted to traumatic endometrial curettage. One group was simultaneously ovariectomized. The intact rabbits were artificially induced ovulation during 10 days after surgery. One third of cranial part of both uteri was selected as the control. Synechiae occurring, luminal area/total area (LA/TA), endometrial area/total area (EA/TA), myometrial and perimetrial area/total area (MPA/TA), endometrial area/uterine wall area (EA/UWA), and myometrial and perimetrial area/uterine wall area (MPA/UWA) ratios of both uteri in six subdivided groups (n=6) were analysed in curetted and intact control parts. On days 15, 30 and 45 following surgery by two-way ANOVA and LSD test (p<0.05). Results: Histopathologic findings showed significant epithelial damage together with significant inflammatory reaction in the intact curettage group. The LA/TA ratios of the intact curettage group on days 15 and 45 were more than the intact control group on day 15. The EA/TA ratio of the intact curettage group on day 30 was less than the intact control group on day 30. Conclusion: Uterine fibrosis was observed in intact curettage group, and this modified animal model showed a pathogenesis condition similar to intrauterine adhesions observed in human. 10 17 Sanaz S Bazoobandi Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Nader N Tanideh Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Farhad F Rahmanifar Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University Iran Amin A Tamadon Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran amintamaddon@yahoo.com Mohammadreza MR Keshtkar Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Davood D Mehrabani Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Maryam M Kasraeian Perinatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Perinatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Omid O Koohi-Hosseinabadi Laboratory Animal Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Laboratory Animal Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Animal modelAsherman’s syndromeRabbitUterine synechia 649.pdf Asherman JG. Traumatic intrauterine adhesions and their effects on fertility. Int J Fertil. 1957;2(1):49-61.##Tam WH, Lau WC, Cheung LP, Yuen PM, Chung TK. Intrauterine adhesions after conservative and surgical management of spontaneous abortion. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 2002;9(2):182-5.##Westendorp IC, Ankum WM, Mol BW, Vonk J. Prevalence of Asherman's syndrome after secondary removal of placental remnants or a repeat curettage for incomplete abortion. Hum Reprod. 1998;13(12):3347-50.##Roman H, Sentilhes L, Cingotti M, Verspyck E, Marpeau L. Uterine devascularization and subsequent major intrauterine synechiae and ovarian failure. Fertil Steril. 2005;83(3):755-7.##Yu D, Li TC, Xia E, Huang X, Liu Y, Peng X. Factors affecting reproductive outcome of hysteroscopic adhesiolysis for Asherman's syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(3):715-22.##Yu D, Wong YM, Cheong Y, Xia E, Li TC. Asherman syndrome--one century later. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(4):759-79.##Vancaillie TG, Garad R. Asherman's syndrome. Aust Nurs J. 2013;20(8):34-6.##Gonzalez-Mariscal G, Gallegos JA. The maintenance and termination of maternal behavior in rabbits: involvement of suckling and progesterone. Physiol Behav. 2014;124:72-6.##Khrouf M, Morel O, Hafiz A, Chavatte-Palmer P, Fernandez H. Evaluation of the rabbit as an experimental model for human uterine synechia. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2012;5(2):175-80.##March CM. Management of Asherman's syndrome. Reprod Biomed Online. 2011;23(1):63-76.##Alawadhi F, Du H, Cakmak H, Taylor HS. Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cell (BMDSC) transplantation improves fertility in a murine model of Asherman's syndrome. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96662.##Cenksoy PO, Ficicioglu C, Yesiladali M, Kizilkale O. The diagnosis and management of Asherman's syndrome developed after cesarean section and reproductive outcome. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2013;2013:450658.##Schenker JG, Margalioth EJ. Intrauterine adhesions: an updated appraisal. Fertil Steril. 1982;37(5):593-610.##de Ziegler D, Borghese B, Chapron C. Endometriosis and infertility: pathophysiology and management. Lancet. 2010;376(9742):730-8.##Harris ES, Morgan RF, Rodeheaver GT. Analysis of the kinetics of peritoneal adhesion formation in the rat and evaluation of potential antiadhesive agents. Surgery. 1995;117(6):663-9.##Ward BC, Panitch A. Abdominal adhesions: current and novel therapies. J Surg Res. 2011;165(1):91-111.##Lalountas MA, Ballas KD, Skouras C, Asteriou C, Kontoulis T, Pissas D, et al. Preventing intraperitoneal adhesions with atorvastatin and sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose: a comparative study in rats. Am J Surg. 2010;200(1):118-23.##Bracher V, Mathias S, Allen WR. Videoendoscopic evaluation of the mare's uterus: II. Findings in subfertile mares. Equine Vet J. 1992;24(4):279-84.##Schenker JG, Polishuk WZ, Sacks MI. Regeneration of the endometrium in rabbits after curettage. I. Pretreatment with estrogens. J Reprod Med. 1973;11(2):43-8.##Schenker JG, Polishuk WZ, Sacks MI. Regeneration of the endometrium in rabbits after curettage. II. Pretreatment with progesterone. J Reprod Med. 1973;11(2):49-57.##Schenker JG, Sacks MI, Polischuk WZ. Regeneration of rabbit endometrium following curettage. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971;111(7):970-8.##Schenker JG, Polishuk WZ. Regeneration of rabbit endometrium after cryosurgery. Obstet Gynecol. 1972;40(5):638-45.##Schenker JG, Polishuk WZ. Regeneration of rabbit endometrium following intrauterine instillation of chemical agents. Gynecol Invest. 1973;4(1):1-13.##Polishuk WZ, Schenker JG. Induction of intrauterine adhesions in the rabbit with autogenous fibroblast implants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1973;115(6):789-94.##Mor G, Cardenas I, Abrahams V, Guller S. Inflammation and pregnancy: the role of the immune system at the implantation site. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1221:80-7.##Mor G, Cardenas I. The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity. 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Male Sexual Dysfunction, Leptin, Pituitary and Gonadal Hormones in Nigerian Males with Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2 1 662 2 Background: Pituitary and gonadal dysfunctions resulting from increased adiposity leading to disturbances of sexual and reproductive functions have been reported in males with metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The aim of this study was to evaluate sexual dysfunction, leptin, and reproductive hormones in Nigerian males with MS and DM2. Methods: Participants were 104 men (34 males with DM2, 17 men with MS and 53 men with normal body mass index (18.5-24.9 Kg/m2) without MS (controls)). The International Diabetes Federation (2005) criteria were used for MS diagnosis. Reproductive history, anthropometry, blood pressure (BP) and 10 ml fasting blood samples were obtained by standard methods. Fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were determined by enzymatic methods while low density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated. Leptin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin, testosterone and oestrogen were determined by enzyme immunoassay (leptin by Diagnostic Automation, Inc.; others by Immunometrics (UK) Ltd.) while oestrogen-testosterone ratio was calculated. Data analyzed using ANOVA, Chi square and multiple regression were statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: Testosterone was significantly lower in MS than controls while oestradiol and ETR were significantly higher in MS compared with controls and DM2 group (p<0.05). ETR significantly predicted testosterone in all groups (p<0.05). Significantly lower libido was observed in men in MS than controls and DM2 groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Sexual and reproductive dysfunction may be related to increased conversion of testosterone to oestrogen in increased adipose mass in men with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 17 26 Unyime Aniekpon UA Fabian Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Nigeria Mabel Ayebatonyo MA Charles-Davies Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Nigeria mcharlesdavies@yahoo.com Adesoji Adedipe AA Fasamade Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Nigeria John Ayodele JA Olaniyi Department of Haematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Department of Haematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Nigeria Oyediran Emmanuel OE Oyewole Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Nigeria Mayowa Ojo MO Owolabi Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Nigeria Jane Roli JR Adebusuyi Medical Social Services Department, University College Hospital Medical Social Services Department, University College Hospital Nigeria Olufunke O Hassan Medical Social Services Department, University College Hospital Medical Social Services Department, University College Hospital Nigeria Babatunde Mohammad BM Ajobo Dietetics Department, University College Hospital Dietetics Department, University College Hospital Nigeria Maria Onomhaguan MO Ebesunun Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University Nigeria Kehinde K Adigun General Out Patient Unit, University College Hospital General Out Patient Unit, University College Hospital Nigeria Kehinde Sola KS Akilade Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Nigeria Oltubosun Ganiyu OG Arinola Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Nigeria Emmanuel Oluyemi EO Agbedana Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Nigeria Cardiovasculer diseaseLeptinLipidsMetabolic syndromePituitary hormonesSex hormoneSexual dysfunctionType 2 diabetes mellitus 662.pdf Charles-Davies MA, Fasanmade AA, Olaniyi JA, Oyewole OE, Owolabi MO, Adebusuyi JR, et al. 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Available: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF Metasyndrome definition.pdf.##Dandona P, Dhindsa S, Chaudhuri A, Bhatia V, Topiwala S, Mohanty P. Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Mol Med. 2008;8(8):816-28.##Jackson FL, Hutson JC. Altered responses to androgen in diabetic male rats. Diabetes. 1984;33(9):819-24.##Reilly CM, Zamorano P, Stopper VS, Mills TM. Androgenic regulation of NO availability in rat penile erection. J Androl. 1997;18(2):110-5.##Carani C, Qin K, Simoni M, Faustini-Fustini M, Serpente S, Boyd J, et al. Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(2):91-5.##Heidler S, Temml C, Broessner C, Mock K, Rauchenwald M, Madersbacher S, et al. Is the metabolic syndrome an independent risk factor for erectile dysfunction? J Urol. 2007;177(2):651-4.##Borges R, Temido P, Sousa L, Azinhais P, Conceiçao P, Pereira B, et al. Metabolic syndrome and sexual (dys)function. 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Age-related increase in an advanced glycation end product in penile tissue. World J Urol. 1995;13(6):369-75.##Chou SH, Mantzoros C. 20 years of leptin: role of leptin in human reproductive disorders. J Endocrinol. 2014;223(1):T49-62.##Charles-Davies MA, Fasanmade AA, Olaniyi JA, Oyewole OE, Owolabi MO, Adebusuyi JR, et al. Metabolic alterations in different stages of hypertension in an apparently healthy nigerian population. Int J Hypertens. 2013;2013:351357.##Rahamon SK, Charles-Davies MA, Akinlade KS, Olaniyi JA, Fasanmade AA, Oyewole OE, et al. Impact of Dietary Intervention on selected biochemical Indices of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Nigerians with Metabolic Syndrome: a pilot study. Eur J Nutr Saf. 2014;4(2):137-9.##Akinloye O, Blessing Popoola B, Bolanle Ajadi M, Gregory Uchechukwu J, Pius Oparinde D. Hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome in nigerian male patients with both type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;12(1):e10749.##

Sexual Dysfunction in Women Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Iran: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors 2 1 639 2 Background: Sexual dysfunctions are one of the most fundamental difficulties for infertile women, which can be as the cause of infertility. This study investigated the prevalence of this disorder and associated factors in order to improve infertility treatment process and the quality of life of women referring to infertility center. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed on 236 women who referred to Fatima Zahra infertility center of Babol, Iran. Data collection tool was a questionnaire contained two parts; demographic characteristics and infertility information. Also, data for sexual dysfunction was obtained through diagnostic interview based on the international classification DSM-IV. For data analysis, logistic and linear regression analysis were used. The p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Most of women (84.9%) suffered from primary infertility and the mean duration of infertility was 60.2±8.4 months. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 55.5% (n=131); including dyspareunia in 28% (n=66), impaired sexual desire and lack of orgasm in 26.3% (n=62 patients), vaginismus in 15.2% (n=36) and lack of sexual stimulation in 13.6% (n=32). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age, sexual satisfaction and history of mental illness had a significant effect on the probability of experiencing the sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of sexual dysfunction among infertile women. Considering the interaction between sexual dysfunction and infertility, professional health care centers should be sensitive to this effect. Also, more attention must be paid on marital relationships, economic and social situation and infertility characteristics in order to prevent sexual dysfunction development through early screening and psychological interference. 26 34 Afsaneh A Bakhtiari Midwifery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences Midwifery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences Iran Zahra Z Basirat زهرا بصیرت Gynecology Department, Fatima Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences Gynecology Department, Fatima Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences Iran afbakhtiari@gmail.com Fatemeh F Nasiri Amiri Midwifery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences Midwifery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences Iran InfertilitySexual dysfunctionWomen 639.pdf Keye WR Jr. Psychosexual responses to infertility. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1984;27(3):760-6.##Sigg C. [Sexuality and sterility]. Ther Umsch. 1994;51(2):115-9. German.##Benagiano G, Carrara S, Filippi V. Sex and reproduction: an evolving relationship. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16(1):96-107.##Tao P, Coates R, Maycock B. The impact of infertility on sexuality: A literature review. Australas Med J. 2011;4(11):620-7.##Eugster A, Vingerhoets AJ. Psychological aspects of in vitro fertilization: a review. Soc Sci Med. 1999;48(5):575-89.##Verhaak CM, Smeenk JM, Evers AW, Kremer JA, Kraaimaat FW, Braat DD. Women's emotional adjustment to IVF: a systematic review of 25 years of research. Hum Reprod Update. 2007;13(1):27-36.##Andrews FM, Abbey A, Halman LJ. Is fertility-problem stress different? The dynamics of stress in fertile and infertile couples. Fertil Steril. 1992;57(6):1247-53.##Xu L, Ke HX, He FF. [Psychological aspects of infertile couples in China]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 1994;29(4):232-4, 254-5. Chinese.##Deka Pk, Sarma S. Psychological aspects of infertility. Br J Med Pract. 2010;3(3):a336.##Fisher JR, Hammarberg K. Psychological and social aspects of infertility in men: an overview of the evidence and implications for psychologically informed clinical care and future research. Asian J Androl. 2012;14(1):121-9.##Jindal UN, Dhall GI. Psychosexual problems of infertile women in India. Int J Fertil. 1990;35(4):222-5.##Jain K, Radhakrishnan G, Agrawal P. Infertility and psychosexual disorders: relationship in infertile couples. Indian J Med Sci. 2000;54(1):1-7.##Aggarwal RS, Mishra VV, Jasani AF. Incidence and prevalence of sexual dysfunction in infertile females. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2013;18(3):187-90.##Ramezani Tehrani F, Farahmand M, Mehrabi Y, Malek Afzali H, Abedini M. [Prevalence of female sexual dysfunction and its correlated factors: a population based study]. Payesh J. 2012;11(6):869-75. Persian.##Hoseini Tabaghdehi M, Haji Kazemi E, Hoseini F. [The relative frequency of sexual dysfunction and some related factors in the women referred to the health centers of Sari city (2006)]. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2012;22(91):102-7. Persian.##Foroutan SK, Jadid Milani M. [The prevalence of sexual dysfunction among divorce requested]. Daneshvar. 2009;16(78):39-44. Persian.##Davari Tanha F, Mohseni M, Ghajarzadeh M. Sexual function in women with primary and secondary infertility in comparison with controls. Int J Impot Res. 2014;26(4):132-4.##Tayebi N, Yassini Ardakani SM. Incidence and prevalence of the sexual dysfunctions in infertile women. Eur J Gen Med. 2009;6(2):74-7.##Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Kaplan HI. Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Text Book of of Psychiatry. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009. Chapter 14, Psychosomatic medicine; p. 2027-60.##Millheiser LS, Helmer AE, Quintero RB, Westphal LM, Milki AA, Lathi RB. Is infertility a risk factor for female sexual dysfunction? A case-control study. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(6):2022-5.##Keskin U, Coksuer H, Gungor S, Ercan CM, Karasahin KE, Baser I. Differences in prevalence of sexual dysfunction between primary and secondary infertile women. Fertil Steril. 2011;96(5):1213-7.##Jamali S, Rasekh Jahromi A, Javadpour S. Sexual function in fertile and infertile women referring to the Jahrom Infertility center in 2011. Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care. 2014;3(1):11-20.##Tayebi N, Ardakani SMY. The prevalence of sexual dysfunctions in infertile women. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2007;12(3):184-7.##Khademi A, Alleyassin A, Amini M, Ghaemi M. Evaluation of sexual dysfunction prevalence in infertile couples. J Sex Med. 2008;5(6):1402-10.##Pakpour AH, Yekaninejad MS, Zeidi IM, Burri A. Prevalence and risk factors of the female sexual dysfunction in a sample of infertile Iranian women. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;286(6):1589-96.##Furukawa AP, Patton PE, Amato P, Li H, Leclair CM. Dyspareunia and sexual dysfunction in women seeking fertility treatment. Fertil Steril. 2012;98 (6):1544-8.e2.##Iris A, Aydogan Kirmizi D, Taner CE. Effects of infertility and infertility duration on female sexual functions. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;287(4):809-12.##Fido A, Zahid MA. Coping with infertility among Kuwaiti women: cultural perspectives. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2004;50(4):294-300.##Safarinejad MR. Female sexual dysfunction in a population-based study in Iran: prevalence and associated risk factors. Int J Impot Res. 2006;18(4):382-95.##Yeoh SH, Razali R, Sidi H, Razi ZR, Midin M, Nik Jaafar NR, et al. The relationship between sexual functioning among couples undergoing infertility treatment: a pair of perfect gloves. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55 Suppl 1:S1-6.##Ponholzer A, Roehlich M, Racz U, Temml C, Madersbacher S. Female sexual dysfunction in a healthy Austrian cohort: prevalence and risk factors. Eur Urol. 2005;47(3):366-74.##Audu BM. Sexual dysfunction among infertile Nigerian women. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;22(6):655-7.##Hayes R, Dennerstein L. The impact of aging on sexual function and sexual dysfunction in women: a review of population-based studies. J Sex Med. 2005;2(3):317-30.##Beigi M, Fahami F. A Comparative study on sexual dysfunctions before and after menopause. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2012;17(2 Suppl 1):S72-5.##

High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Yazd, a Central Province of Iran 2 1 633 2 Background: There is a growing concern about the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with variety of diseases worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with pregnancy adverse effects in Yazd. Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted among 200 nulliparous women from October 2013 to April 2014. Data containing socio-demographic and personal details, vitamin D level, pregnancy complications and growth situation of newborns were collected and analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient by SPSS. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean serum 1, 25 (OH)2D3 concentration was 20.3±10.8 µg/l. Totally, 78% of the women had less than sufficient levels. Mean of vitamin D was significantly higher in natural or elective cesarean in comparison with abortion and emergency cesarean (p=0.040). Risk of abortion was 3.1(1.39-6.8) and higher in severely deficient group in comparison to women with vitamin D deficiency (p=0.017) and mean of vitamin D group was significantly lower in women who had oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios complication (p=0.045). Conclusion: The study findings revealed that vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in pregnant women and it is significantly associated with elevated risk for abortion, and oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios. Probably, a targeted screening strategy can be suggested to detect and treat women at high risk of vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy as a simple way to reduce the risk of these adverse pregnancy outcomes in Yazd. 34 39 Azar A Pirdehghan Community and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Community and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Iran pirdehghan93@gmail.com Mahmood M Vakili Community and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Community and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Iran Reyhane R Dehghan Health Research Center Community and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Health Research Center Community and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Iran Fatemeh F Zare Gynecology Department, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Gynecology Department, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Iran Pregnancy complicationsVitamin D deficiencyWomen 633.pdf Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266-81.##Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM, Recker RR, Heaney RP. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(6):1586-91.##Semba RD, Houston DK, Bandinelli S, Sun K, Cherubini A, Cappola AR, et al. Relationship of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older community-dwelling adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(2):203-9.##Martini LA, Wood RJ. Vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Rev. 2006;64(11):479-86.##Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911-30.##Shin JS, Choi MY, Longtine MS, Nelson DM. Vitamin D effects on pregnancy and the placenta. Placenta. 2010;31(12):1027-34.##Lapillonne A. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may impair maternal and fetal outcomes. Med Hypotheses. 2010;74(1):71-5.##Haugen M, Brantsaeter AL, Trogstad L, Alexander J, Roth C, Magnus P, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and reduced risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous women. Epidemiology. 2009;20(5):720-6.##von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient - a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(4):549-55.##Mulligan ML, Felton SK, Riek AE, Bernal-Mizrachi C. Implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(5):429.e1-9.##Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, Frank MP, Cooperstein E, Roberts JM. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in black and white pregnant women residing in the northern United States and their neonates. J Nutr. 2007;137(2):447-52.##AbouZahr C. Global burden of maternal death and disability. Br Med Bull. 2003;67:1-11.##Dawodu A, Akinbi H. Vitamin D nutrition in pregnancy: current opinion. Int J Womens Health. 2013;5:333-43.##Viljakainen HT, Saarnio E, Hytinantti T, Miettinen M, Surcel H, Makitie O, et al. Maternal vitamin D status determines bone variables in the newborn. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(4):1749-57.##Sahu M, Bhatia V, Aggarwal A, Rawat V, Saxena P, Pandey A, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in rural girls and pregnant women despite abundant sunshine in northern India. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;70(5):680-4.##Aly YF, El Koumi MA, Abd El Rahman RN. Impact of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy on the prevalence of neonatal vitamin D deficiency. Pediatr Rep. 2013;5(1):e6.##Salek M, Hashemipour M, Aminorroaya A, Gheiratmand A, Kelishadi R, Ardestani PM, et al. Vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in Isfahan, Iran. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2008;116(6):352-6.##Gale CR, Robinson SM, Harvey NC, Javaid MK, Jiang B, Martyn CN, et al. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and child outcomes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(1):68-77.##Madar AA, Stene LC, Meyer HE. Vitamin D status among immigrant mothers from Pakistan, Turkey and Somalia and their infants attending child health clinics in Norway. Br J Nutr. 2009;101(7):1052-8.##Camadoo L, Tibbott R, Isaza F. Maternal vitamin D deficiency associated with neonatal hypocalcaemic convulsions. Nutr J. 2007;6:23.##Bouillon R, Van Schoor NM, Gielen E, Boonen S. Optimal vitamin D status: a critical analysis on the basis of evidence-based medicine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(8):1283-304.##Shakiba M, Rafiei P. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among medical staff in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran. Tolloebehdasht. 2008;7(3-4):22-30.##Moussavi M, Heidarpour R, Aminorroaya A, Pournaghshband Z, Amini M. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Isfahani high school students in 2004. Horm Res. 2005;64(3):144-8.##Rahimi AO, Zarghami N, Sadighi A. Relationship between vitamin D and nutritional status in healthy reproductive age women. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2006;4(1):1-7.##Moradzadeh K, Larijani B, Keshtkar A, Hossein-Nezhad A, Rajabian R, Nabipour I, et al. Normative values of vitamin D among Iranian population: a population based study. Int J Osteoporos Metab Disord. 2008;1(1):8-15.##Nicolaidou P, Hatzistamatiou Z, Papadopoulou A, Kaleyias J, Floropoulou E, Lagona E, et al. Low vitamin D status in mother-newborn pairs in Greece. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006;78(6):337-42.##Song SJ, Zhou L, Si S, Liu J, Zhou J, Feng K, et al. The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its related maternal factors in pregnant women in Beijing. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e85081.##Tavakoli M, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Salek-Moghaddam A, Rajaei S, Mohammadzadeh A, Sheikhhasani S, et al. Effects of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 on cytokine production by endometrial cells of women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Fertil Steril. 2011;96(3):751-7.##Bubanovic I. 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-vitamin-D3 as new immunotherapy in treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Med Hypotheses. 2004;63 (2):250-3.##Shand AW, Nassar N, Von Dadelszen P, Innis SM, Green TJ. Maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a group at high risk for pre-eclampsia. BJOG. 2010;117(13):1593-8.##Aghajafari F, Nagulesapillai T, Ronksley PE, Tough SC, O'Beirne M, Rabi DM. Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ. 2013;346:f1169.##Soheilykhah S, Mojibian M, Rashidi M, Rahimi-Saghand S, Jafari F. Maternal vitamin D status in gestational diabetes mellitus. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25(5):524-7.##Mannion CA, Gray-Donald K, Koski KG. Association of low intake of milk and vitamin D during pregnancy with decreased birth weight. CMAJ. 2006;174(9):1273-7.##Leffelaar ER, Vrijkotte TG, van Eijsden M. Maternal early pregnancy vitamin D status in relation to fetal and neonatal growth: results of the multi-ethnic Amsterdam Born Children and their Development cohort. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(1):108-17.##

Comparison of the Effect of Dry Cupping Therapy and Acupressure at BL23 Point on Intensity of Postpartum Perineal Pain Based on the Short Form of McGill Pain Questionnaire 2 1 648 2 Background: Perineal pain is a major morbidity in the first few days after delivery. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dry cupping therapy and acupressure at BL23 point on the intensity of postpartum perineal pain based on the short-form of McGill pain questionnaire (SMPQ). Methods: The present clinical trial was conducted on 150 subjects in 3 groups of 50 cases. After at least 4-8 hr of delivery, cupping therapy was performed for 15-20 min up to 3 times a week (once a day) and acupressure was performed for 15-20 min based on clockwise model. The short-form of McGill pain questionnaire was completed both before and after the intervention. The SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the data using repeated measures ANOVA. Besides, p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In the cupping therapy group, mean of the perineal pain intensity reduced from 37.5±6.8 before the intervention to 11.1±6.1, 6.9±4.7, and 3.8±3.6 immediately, 24 hr, and 2 weeks after the intervention, respectively. The results of study showed that the differences between the intervention and control groups were statistically significant (p<0.01). Mean difference of the perineal pain intensity in the acupressure group reached from 35.6±8.1 before the intervention to 10.4±5.5 two weeks after the intervention, so the variation between intervention and control groups was statistically significant. Conclusion: The study findings showed that cupping therapy and acupressure reduced perineal pain. Therefore, they may be considered as effective treatments for reducing pain intensity of allowing delivery. 39 47 Marzieh M Akbarzadeh Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran akbarzadm@sums.ac.ir Mehrnoush M Ghaemmaghami Departments of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Departments of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Zahra Z yazdanpanahi Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Najaf N Zare Department of Biostatistics, Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Department of Biostatistics, Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Abdolali A Mohagheghzadeh Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran Amir A Azizi Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran AcupressureBL23 pointDry cuppingPerineal painPostpartum 648.pdf McAllister RK, Carpentier BW, Malkuch G. 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Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;16(1):99-115.##Michalsen A, Bock S, Ludtke R, Rampp T, Baecker M, Bachmann J, et al. Effects of traditional cupping therapy in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain. 2009;10(6):601-8.##Farhadi K, Schwebel DC, Saeb M, Choubsaz M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi A. The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2009;17(1):9-15.##Hsieh LL, Kuo CH, Yen MF, Chen TH. A randomized controlled clinical trial for low back pain treated by acupressure and physical therapy. Prev Med. 2004;39(1):168-76.##Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M, et al. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA. 1998;280(18):1569-75.##Lauche R, Cramer H, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Dobos GJ, et al. The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain--a randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011;11:63.##Mirbagher-Ajorpaz N, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Mosaebi F. The effects of acupressure on primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2011;17(1):33-6.##Lim S. WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2010;7(2):167-8.##Dibble SL, Chapman J, Mack KA, Shih AS. Acupressure for nausea: results of a pilot study. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2000;27(1):41-7.##Hong SH, Wu F, Lu X, Cai Q, Guo Y. [Study on the mechanisms of cupping therapy]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2011;31(10):932-4. Chinese.##Astin JA. Why patients use alternative medicine: results of a national study. JAMA. 1998;279(19):1548-53.##Gharloghi S, Torkzahrani S, Akbarzadeh AR, Heshmat R. The effects of acupressure on severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2012;6:137-42.##Bagheri H, Noorian J, Ebrahimi H, Maghsood Z, Atash sokhan G. Prevalence and specifications of postoperative sore throat following general endotracheal anesthesia in patients undergoing surgery. J Knowl Health. 2007;2(2):6-10.##Emerich M, Braeunig M, Clement HW, Ludtke R, Huber R. Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects. Complement Ther Med. 2014;22(1):148-58.##Markowski A, Sanford S, Pikowski J, Fauvell D, Cimino D, Caplan S. A pilot study analyzing the effects of Chinese cupping as an adjunct treatment for patients with subacute low back pain on relieving pain, improving range of motion, and improving function. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(2):113-7.##Kim JI, Lee MS, Lee DH, Boddy K, Ernst E. Cupping for treating pain: a systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:467014.##Akbarzadeh M, Ghaemmaghami M, Yazdanpanahi Z, Zare N, Azizi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. The effect of dry cupping therapy at acupoint BL23 on the intensity of postpartum low back pain in primiparous women based on two types of questionnaires, 2012; A randomized clinical trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2014;2(2):112-20.##Kober A, Scheck T, Schubert B, Strasser H, Gustorff B, Bertalanffy P, et al. Auricular acupressure as a treatment for anxiety in prehospital transport settings. Anesthesiology. 2003;98(6):1328-32.##Hsieh LL, Kuo CH, Yen MF, Chen TH. A randomized controlled clinical trial for low back pain treated by acupressure and physical therapy. Prev Med. 2004;39(1):168-76.##Yip YB, Tse SH. The effectiveness of relaxation acupoint stimulation and acupressure with aromatic lavender essential oil for non-specific low back pain in Hong Kong: a randomised controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2004;12(1):28-37.##Akbarzadeh M, Moradi Z, Hadianfard MJ, Zare N, Jowkar A. Comparison of the effect of mono-stage and bi-stage acupressure at Sp6 point on the severity of labor pain and the delivery outcome. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2013;1(3):165-72.##Akbarzadeh M, Moradi Z, Jowkar A, Zare N, Hadianfard MJ. Comparing the effects of acupressure at the Jian Jing-Gall Bladder Meridian (GB-21) point on the severity of labor pain, duration and cesarean rate in mono-and bi-stage interventions. Women's Health Bull. 2015;2(1): e24981.##Moradi Z, Akbarzadeh M, Moradi P, Toosi M, Hadianfard MJ. The Effect of Acupressure at GB-21 and SP-6 Acupoints on Anxiety Level and Maternal-Fetal Attachment in Primiparous Women: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2014;3(3):e19948.##Kim JI, Kim TH, Lee MS, Kang JW, Kim KH, Choi JY, et al. Evaluation of wet-cupping therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waiting-list controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials. 2011;12:146.##Hsieh LL, Kuo CH, Lee LH, Yen AM, Chien KL, Chen TH. Treatment of low back pain by acupressure and physical therapy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;332(7543):696-700.##Hong YF, Wu JX, Wang B, Li H, He YC. The effect of moving cupping therapy on non-specific low back pain. Chin J Rehabil Med. 2006;21(4):340-3.##Sheikhan F, Jahdi F, Khoei EM, Shamsalizadeh N, Sheikhan M, Haghani H. Episiotomy pain relief: Use of Lavender oil essence in primiparous Iranian women. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2012;18(1):66-70.##Oliveira SM, Silva FM, Riesco ML, Latorre Mdo R, Nobre MR. Comparison of application times for ice packs used to relieve perineal pain after normal birth: a randomised clinical trial. J Clin Nurs. 2012;21(23-24):3382-91.##Santos Jde O, Oliveira SM, Nobre MR, Aranha AC, Alvarenga MB. A randomised clinical trial of the effect of low-level laser therapy for perineal pain and healing after episiotomy: a pilot study. Midwifery. 2012;28(5):e653-9.##

Attitudes About Sexual Activity Among Postmenopausal Women in Different Ethnic Groups: A Cross-sectional Study in Jahrom, Iran 2 1 651 2 Background: Sexual function is affected by personal and interpersonal factors, familial and social traditions, culture, religion, menopause, and aging. So, ethnicity is a determining factor in sexual function. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and attitudes towards sexuality in postmenopausal women among three different ethnic groups in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 746 postmenopausal women between 50 and 89 years who referred to Honoree clinic, Jahrom in 2013. Among the study participants, 42.4% were Arab, 33.5% were Persian, and 24.1% were Lor. Data were collected about women’s socio-demographic characteristics, attitudes regarding sexuality and sexual function. The descriptive statistics were used for demographic variables. Moreover, ANOVA, post hoc (LSD) was used. Besides, p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The participants’ mean age was 60.10±6.89 years and the total mean score of Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was 19.31±8.5. In addition, 81.5% of the women had sexual dysfunction (FSFI <26.55) and only 147 women (18.5%) had normal sexual function (FSFI >26.55). Sexual dysfunction was 75.3% in Arabs, 83.2% in Persians, and 86.1% in Lors. Besides, the most prevalent sexual dysfunction was dyspareunia in Arabs and arousal disorder in Persians and Lors. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that sexual dysfunction is considerable among postmenopausal women. The most prevalent sexual dysfunction was dyspareunia in Arabs and arousal disorder in Persians and Lors. 47 56 Safieh S Jamali Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Iran safieh_jamali@yahoo.com Shohreh Sh Javadpour Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Iran Leili L Mosalanejad Mental Health Department, Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Mental Health Department, Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Iran Razieh R Parnian Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Iran Ethnic groupsMenopauseSexual dysfunctionWomen's attitude 651.pdf Moazzami F. Comparison of the effects of soy supplementation and HRT on menopause consequences in menopausal women [master’s thesis]. Tehran (Iran): Tarbiat Modares University, midwifery; 2001 Mar. Menopause Overview 8, The Post menopausal population; p. 110-7.##Lobo RA, Kelsey J, Marcus R. Menopause: biology and pathobiology. 1st ed. San Francisco: Academic Press; 2000. 384 p.##Satherland C, Hinchliff SM, Hinchliff S, Rogers R. Women’s health: a handbook for nurse. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Living Stone; 2001. 362 p.##Moghassemi S, Ziaei S, Haidary Z. Effect of Tibolone on sexual function in healthy postmenopausal women. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2010;11(4):21-8.##Ports H, Buvat J. Standard practice in sexual medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Blackwell publishing; 2006. 124 p.##Tan O, Bradshaw K, Carr BR. Management of vulvovaginal atrophy-related sexual dysfunction in postmenopausalwomen. Menopause. 2012;19(1):109-17.##Bloch A. Self-awareness during the menopause. Maturitas. 2002;41(1):61-8.##Wang TF, Lu CH, Chen IJ, Yu S. Sexual knowledge, attitudes and activity of older people in Taipei, Taiwan. J Clin Nurs. 2008;17(4):443-50.##Kaplan HS. Sex, intimacy, and the aging process. J Am Acad Psychoanal. 1990;18(2):185-205.##Dennerstein L, Dudley EC, Guthrie JR. Predictors of declining self-rated health during the transition to menopause. J Psychosom Res. 2003;54(2):147-53.##Peeyananjarassri K, Liabsuetrakul T, Soonthornpun K, Choobun T, Manopsilp P. Sexual functioning in postmenopausal women not taking hormone therapy in the Gynecological and Menopause Clinic, Songklanagarind Hospital measured by Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(5):625-32.##Sadock JB, Sadock AV. Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 7nth ed. Newyork: Lippinocott-Williams & Wilkins; 2007. 1582 p.##Ohadi B. Feelings and human sexual responses. 7th ed. Tehran: Naghsh khorshid publications; 2003. 171 p.##Young M, Denny G, Young T, Luquis R. Sexual satisfaction among married women age 50 and older. Psychol Rep. 2000;86(3 Pt 2):1107-22.##Blumel JE, Castelo-Branco C, Binfa L, Gramegna G, Tacla X, Aracena B, et al. Quality of life after the menopause: a population study. Maturitas. 2000;34(1):17-23.##Modelska K, Litwack S, Ewing SK, Yaffe K. Endogenous estrogen levels affect sexual function in elderly post-menopausal women. Maturitas. 2004;49(2):124-33.##Nappi RE, Nijland EA. Women's perception of sexuality around the menopause: outcomes of a European telephone survey. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;137(1):10-6.##Huang AJ, Subak LL, Thom DH, Van Den Eeden SK, Ragins AI, Kuppermann M, et al. Sexual function and aging in racially and ethnically diverse women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(8):1362-8.##Avis NE, Zhao X, Johannes CB, Ory M, Brockwell S, Greendale GA. Correlates of sexual function among multi-ethnic middle-aged women: results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Menopause. 2005;12(4):385-98.##Nusbaum MM, Braxton L, Strayhorn G. The sexual concerns of african american, asian american, and white women seeking routine gynecological care. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2005;18(3):173-9.##Szwabo PA. Counseling about sexuality in the older person. Clin Geriatr Med. 2003;19(3):595-604.##Jamali S, Zarei H, Rasekh Jahromi A. The relationship between body mass index and sexual function in infertile women: A cross-sectional survey. Iran J Reprod Med. 2014;12(3):189-98.##Safarinejad MR. Female sexual dysfunction in a population-based study in Iran: prevalence and associated risk factors. Int J Impot Res. 2006;18(4):382-95.##Wiegel M, Meston C, Rosen R. The female sexual function index (FSFI): cross-validation and development of clinical cutoff scores. J Sex Marital Ther. 2005;31(1):1-20.##Meston CM. Validation of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in women with female orgasmic disorder and in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Sex Marital Ther. 2003;29(1):39-46.##Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J, Leiblum S, Meston C, Shabsigh R, et al. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. J Sex Marital Ther. 2000;26(2):191-208.##Mohammadi Kh, Heydari M, Faghihzadeh S. [The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): validation of the Iranian version]. Payesh J. 2008;7(3):269-78. Persian.##Hashemi S, Ramezani Tehrani F, Simbar M, Abedini M, Bahreinian H, Gholami R. Evaluation of sexual attitude and sexual function in menopausal age; a population based cross-sectional study. Iran J Reprod Med. 2013;11(8):631-6.##Beigi M, Fahami F. A Comparative study on sexual dysfunctions before and after menopause. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2012;17(2 Suppl 1):S72-5.##Olaolorun FM, Lawoyin TO. Experience of menopausal symptoms by women in an urban community in Ibadan, Nigeria. Menopause. 2009;16(4):822-30.##Valadares AL, Pinto-Neto AM, Osis MJ, Sousa MH, Costa-Paiva L, Conde DM. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction and its associated factors in women aged 40-65 years with 11 years or more of formal education: a population-based household survey. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2008;63(6):775-82.##Arman S, Fahami F, Hassan Zahraee R. A comparative study on women’s sexual functioning disorders before and after menopause. Arak Med Univ J. 2006;8(3):1-7.##Ponholzer A, Roehlich M, Racz U, Temml C, Madersbacher S. Female sexual dysfunction in a healthy Austrian cohort: prevalence and risk factors. Eur Urol. 2005;47(3):366-74.##Hacker NF, Moore JG, Gambone JC. Essentials of obstetric and gynecology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. 215 p.##Ryan KJ, Berkowitz RS, Barbieri RL, Dunaif AE. Kistner’s gynecology and women health. 7th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1999. 248 p.##Brown K. Management guidelines for women’s health nurse practitioners. 6th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company; 2000. 771 p.##Diokno AC, Brown MB, Herzog AR. Sexual function in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(1):197-200.##Meston CM. Aging and sexuality. West J Med. 1997;167(4):285-90.##Nappi RE, Lachowsky M. Menopause and sexuality: prevalence of symptoms and impact on quality of life. Maturitas. 2009;63(2):138-41.##O'Connell HE, Hutson JM, Anderson CR, Plenter RJ. Anatomical relationship between urethra and clitoris. J Urol. 1998;159(6):1892-7.##De Lorenzi DR, Saciloto B. [Factors related to frequency of sexual activity of postmenopausal women]. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2006;52(4):256-60. Portuguese.##Omidvar S, Bakouie F, Amiri FN. Sexual function among married menopausal women in Amol (Iran). J Midlife Health. 2011;2(2):77-80.##Chedraui P, Perez-Lopez FR, San Miguel G, Avila C. Assessment of sexuality among middle-aged women using the Female Sexual Function Index. Climacteric. 2009;12(3):213-21.##Gott M, Hinchliff S. How important is sex in later life? The views of older people. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(8):1617-28.##Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. Maryland, USA: Williams and Wilkins; 2005. 394 p. (OkDoKeY, editor. Handbook of clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology; vol. 74).##Ahmadvand MA. [Impact of education on changing the structure of sex discrimination schemata]. Daneshvar Raftar J. 2004;11(4):15-24. Persian.##Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors. JAMA. 1999;281(6):537-44.##Elnashar AM, El-Dien Ibrahim M, El-Desoky MM, Ali OM, El-Sayd Mohamed Hassan M. Female sexual dysfunction in Lower Egypt. BJOG. 2007;114(2):201-6.##Oksuz E, Malhan S. Prevalence and risk factors for female sexual dysfunction in Turkish women. J Urol. 2006;175(2):654-8.##Heiman JR. Sexual dysfunction: overview of prevalence, etiological factors, and treatments. J Sex Res. 2002;39(1):73-8.##Floter A, Nathorst-Boos J, Carlstrom K, von Schoultz B. 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Studying the Relationship between the Attitude to Infertility and Coping Strategies in Couples Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Treatments 2 1 644 2 Background: Using appropriate coping strategies has a positive influence on moderating mental pressures caused by infertility and the stress during treatment. Using these strategies needs personal skills and they could be influenced by individual’s inner psychological and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the attitude toward infertility and coping strategies considering the couple’s social and financial situation. Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted on 133 volunteered couples undergoing assisted reproductive treatment. Coping strategies and the attitude toward infertility were assessed using a self-report questionnaire. Higher scores of attitude indicated positive attitudes. Data was analyzed using paired-samples t test and multiple regression model. Results: Independent from demographic information and causes of infertility, using self-blame and self-focused rumination coping strategies were negatively related to attitude toward infertility in both men and women (p<0.05). Also, using self-blame coping strategy had a positive correlation with female infertility and negative correlation with male infertility. Conclusion: Regardless of the economic and social conditions, in infertile couples, downward trend in attitude toward infertility is mostly associated with the use of maladaptive coping strategies. 56 61 Fatemeh F Yazdani Student Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Student Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Iran Ashraf A Kazemi Reproductive Health Department, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Reproductive Health Department, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Iran Kazemi@nm.mui.ac.ir Hamid Reza HR Ureizi-Samani Isfahan University Isfahan University Iran Assisted reproductive treatmentsAttitudeCoping strategiesInfertility 644.pdf World Health Organization. Mother or nothing: the agony of infertility. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88(12):881-2.##Kazem M, Ali A. An overview of the epidemiology of primary infertility in Iran. J Reprod Infertil. 2009;10(3):213-6.##Hasanpoor-Azghdy SB, Simbar M, Vedadhir A. The emotional-psychological consequences of infertility among infertile women seeking treatment: results of a qualitative study. Iran J Reprod Med. 2014;12(2):131-8.##Shahnooshi M, Karimi Z. [Sociological impact of infertility upon family in Isfahan province]. J Soc Sci. 2010;11(4):171-98. Persian.##Cserepes RE, Kollar J, Sapy T, Wischmann T, Bugan A. Effects of gender roles, child wish motives, subjective well-being, and marital adjustment on infertility-related stress: a preliminary study with a Hungarian sample of involuntary childless men and women. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;288(4):925-32.##Kavlak O, Saruhan A. A study on determination the loneliness level in infertile women and to assess the factors that effects of the loneliness level. Ege J Med. 2002;41(4):229-32.##De Berardis D, Mazza M, Marini S, Del Nibletto L, Serroni N, Pino MC, et al. Psychopathology, emotional aspects and psychological counselling in infertility: a review. Clin Ter. 2014;165(3):163-9.##Aflakseir A, Zarei M. Association between coping strategies and infertility stress among a group of women with fertility problem in Shiraz, Iran. J Reprod Infertil. 2013;14(4):202-6.##Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer; 1984. 141 p.##Galhardo A, Cunha M, Pinto-Gouveia J, Matos M. The mediator role of emotion regulation processes on infertility-related stress. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2013;20(4):497-507.##Akhondi MM, Binaafar S, Ardakani ZB, Kamali K, Kosari H, Ghorbani B. Aspects of psychosocial development in infertile versus fertile men. J Reprod Infertil. 2013;14(2):90-3.##Musa R, Ramli R, Yazmie AW, Khadijah MB, Hayati MY, Midin M, et al. A preliminary study of the psychological differences in infertile couples and their relation to the coping styles. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55 Suppl 1:S65-9.##Kim JH, Shin HS. [A structural model for quality of life of infertile women]. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2013;43(3):312-20. Korean.##Li J, Liu B, Li M. Coping with infertility: a transcultural perspective. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014;27(5):320-5.##Latifnejad Roudsari R, Allan HT, Smith PA. Iranian and English women's use of religion and spirituality as resources for coping with infertility. Hum Fertil (Camb). 2014;17(2):114-23.##Zuckermana M, Gagne MThe COPE revised: Proposing a 5-factor model of coping strategies. J Res Pers. 2003;37(3):169-204.##Peterson BD, Newton CR, Rosen KH, Skaggs GE. Gender differences in how men and women who are referred for IVF cope with infertility stress. Hum Reprod. 2006;21(9):2443-9.##Dhont N, Luchters S, Ombelet W, Vyankandondera J, Gasarabwe A, van de Wijgert J, et al. Gender differences and factors associated with treatment-seeking behaviour for infertility in Rwanda. Hum Reprod. 2010;25(8):2024-30.##Dhont N, van de Wijgert J, Coene G, Gasarabwe A, Temmerman M. 'Mama and papa nothing': living with infertility among an urban population in Kigali, Rwanda. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(3):623-9.##Schmidt L. Social and psychological consequences of infertility and assisted reproduction - what are the research priorities? Hum Fertil (Camb). 2009;12(1):14-20.##Abolfotouh MA, Alabdrabalnabi AA, Albacker RB, Al-Jughaiman UA, Hassan SN. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of infertility among Saudi couples. Int J Gen Med. 2013;6:563-73.##Lopes VM, Leal IM. Personality and emotional adjustment in infertility. J Reprod Med. 2012;57(3-4):153-8.##Ramezanzadeh F, Aghssa MM, Abedinia N, Zayeri F, Khanafshar N, Shariat M, et al. A survey of relationship between anxiety, depression and duration of infertility. BMC Womens Health. 2004;4(1):9.##Fisher JR, Hammarberg K. Psychological and social aspects of infertility in men: an overview of the evidence and implications for psychologically informed clinical care and future research. Asian J Androl. 2012;14(1):121-9.##Ali S, Sophie R, Imam AM, Khan FI, Ali SF, Shaikh A, et al. Knowledge, perceptions and myths regarding infertility among selected adult population in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:760.##

Frequency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Trichomonas vaginalis Infected Women in Badagry, Lagos, Nigeria 2 1 666 2 Background: The interaction between HIV and Trichomonas vaginalis infection has been widely studied in most developed countries but with scanty information in sub-Saharan Africa. While many of these studies have examined the prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in HIV positive individuals, no study in Nigeria has shown the effect of T. vaginalis on HIV transmission. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the occurrence of HIV in T. vaginalis infected women. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted among women attending STI clinic at the General Hospital, Badagry, Lagos, Nigeria. A total number of 201 (T. vaginalis infected) women were screened for HIV using rapid diagnostic test kits. Results: The frequency of HIV in T. vaginalis infected women was 35.8%. Conclusion: The study showed that T. vaginalis infection in women may be a high risk factor of HIV infection. 61 64 Oyetunde OT Salawu Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo Nigeria zootund@yahoo.com Chelsea CN Esume Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo Nigeria HIV transmissionNigeriaSeverityTrichomonas vaginalis 666.pdf Sorvillo F, Kovacs A, Kerndt P, Stek A, Muderspach L, Sanchez-Keeland L. Risk factors for trichomoniasis among women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at a public clinic in Los Angeles County, California: implications for HIV prevention. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;58(4):495-500.##Aral SO. Heterosexual transmission of HIV: the role of other sexually transmitted infections and behavior in its epidemiology prevention and control. Annu Rev Public Health. 1993;14:451-67.##Clottey C, Dallabetta G. Sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus. Epidemiologic synergy? Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1993;7(4):753-70.##Shafir SC, Sorvillo FJ. Viability of Trichomonas vaginalis in urine: epidemiologic and clinical implications. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(10):3787-9.##Sobel JD. Vaginitis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(26):1896-903.##Wolner-Hanssen P, Krieger JN, Stevens CE, Kiviat NB, Koutsky L, Critchlow C, et al. Clinical manifestations of vaginal trichomoniasis. JAMA. 1989;261(4):571-6.##Laga M, Manoka A, Kivuvu M, Malele B, Tuliza M, Nzila N, et al. Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS. 1993;7(1):95-102.##Ghys PD, Diallo MO, Ettiegne-Traore V, Yeboue KM, Gnaore E, Lorougnon F, et al. Genital ulcers associated with human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. J Infect Dis. 1995;172(5):1371-4.##Daniel WW. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences. 7th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1999. p. 314-7.##Jatau ED, Olonitola OS, Olayinka AT. Prevalence of Trichomonas infection among women attending antenatal clinics in Zaria, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2006;5(4):178–81.##Ikechebelu JI, Ikegwuonu SC, Joe-Ikechebelu NN. HIV infection and sexual behaviour among infertile women in southeastern Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;22(3):306-7.##Uneke CJ, Duhlinska DD, Igbinedion EB. Prevalence and public-health significance of HIV infection and anaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in south-eastern Nigeria. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007;25(3):328-35.##Motayo BO, Usen U, Folarin BO, Okerentugba PO, Innocent-Adiele HC, Okonko IO. Detection and seroprevalence of HIV 1 & 2 antibodies in Abeokuta, Southwest, Nigeria. Int J Virol Mol Biol. 2012;1(2):18-22.##Uneke CJ, Alo MN, Ogbu O, Ugwuoru DC. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in human immunodeficiency virus- seropositive Nigerian women: The public health significance. Online J Health Allied Sci. 2007;6(2):1-7.##McClelland RS, Sangare L, Hassan WM, Lavreys L, Mandaliya K, Kiarie J, et al. Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. J Infect Dis. 2007;195(5):698-702.##Levine WC, Pope V, Bhoomkar A, Tambe P, Lewis JS, Zaidi AA, et al. Increase in endocervical CD4 lymphocytes among women with nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases. J Infect Dis. 1998;177(1):167-74.##Draper D, Donohoe W, Mortimer L, Heine RP. Cysteine proteases of Trichomonas vaginalis degrade secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. J Infect Dis. 1998;178(3):815-9.##Moodley P, Connolly C, Sturm AW. Interrelationships among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and the presence of yeasts. J Infect Dis. 2002;185(1):69-73.##

Existence of Microchimerism in Pregnant Women Carrying a Boy! 2 1 668 2 Microchimerism is considered as the occurrence of small populations of cells with a diverse genetic setting within a person. Tissue microchimerism is enhanced during pregnancy and is frequently associated with femaledominant autoimmune disorders, response to injury from malignancy, and transplantation effect. 64 66 Arash A Minai-Tehrani Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Mehdi M Amini Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran Kambiz K Gilany کامبیز گیلانی Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR Iran k.gilany@avicenna.ac.ir No Keyword 668.pdf Ford CE. Mosaics and chimaeras. Br Med Bull. 1969;25(1):104-9.##Boddy AM, Fortunato A, Wilson Sayres M, Aktipis A. Fetal microchimerism and maternal health: A review and evolutionary analysis of cooperation and conflict beyond the womb. Bioessays. 2015;37(10):1106-18.##Rijnink EC, Penning ME, Wolterbeek R, Wilhelmus S, Zandbergen M, van Duinen SG, et al. Tissue microchimerism is increased during pregnancy: a human autopsy study. Mol Hum Reprod. 2015;21(11):857-64.##Dawe GS, Tan XW, Xiao ZC. Cell migration from baby to mother. Cell Adh Migr. 2007;1(1):19-27.##Chan WF, Gurnot C, Montine TJ, Sonnen JA, Guthrie KA, Nelson JL. Male microchimerism in the human female brain. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45592.##Fugazzola L, Cirello V, Beck-Pecoz P. Fetal microchimerism as an explanation of disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(2):89-97.##Flowers ME, Pepe MS, Longton G, Doney KC, Monroe D, Witherspoon RP, et al. Previous donor pregnancy as a risk factor for acute graft-versus-host disease in patients with aplastic anaemia treated by allogeneic marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol. 1990;74(4):492-6.##