<p>Background: Chemotherapeutic agents such as cyclophosphamide and busulfan have been shown to have a negative impact on the spermatogenesis process. Based on this fact, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of edaravone on spermatogenesis in busulfan-induced mice.<br /> Methods: Forty adult male mice were equally divided into the four groups: 1) control, 2) edaravone, 3) busulfan, and 4) busulfan + edaravone. Then, the sperm parameters, histopathological examinations, and serum levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were also assessed. Caspase-3, Beclin-1, and ATG-7 mRNA levels were also determined using real-time PCR.<br /> Results: Our results revealed that treatment of mice with edaravone in busulfan-induced azoospermia significantly improves sperm parameters, including total count, morphology, and viability (p&lt;0.05). Furthermore, edaravone administration led to a significant increase in serum testosterone (p&lt;0.0001) and FSH (p&lt;0.001) levels, as well as testis weight (p&lt;0.05) and volume (p&lt;0.01). Edaravone also prevented a decrease in the number of testicular cells including spermatogonia (p&lt;0.0001), primary spermatocytes (p&lt; 0.001), round spermatids (p&lt;0.0001), Sertoli (p&lt;0.01), and Leydig cells (p&lt;0.0001) in busulfan-treated mice. Additionally, in busulfan-induced azoospermia, edaravone significantly reduced the percentage of sperm with immature chromatin (p&lt;0.0001). Following treatment with edaravone, a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increase in glutathione (GSH) production were noted compared to busulfan-treated mice. Further-more, caspase-3 (p&lt;0.05), Beclin-1, and ATG-7 (p&lt;0.001) genes expression decreased significantly in treatment groups compared to busulfan-induced azoospermia.<br /> Conclusion: According to our findings, edaravone can improve spermatogenesis in busulfan-induced azoospermia through free radical scavenging and autophagy modulation in testicular tissue.</p>