Introduction
Sperm quality is an important factor in assisted reproductive technology (ART) that affects the success rate of in fertile couples treatment (1). Men with total motile sperm count<40 % and, or progressive motility less than 32% are classified as asthenozoospermic (2). intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi) can overcome suboptimal motility by injecting one sperm into the ooplasm. today, many icsi cycles in the art laboratory is performed on asthenozoospermic samples. density gradient centrifugation (dgc) is the preferred sperm preparation technique for asthenozoospermic samples.
In delayed oocyte pickup cycle, prepared sperm is incubated 2-4 hr in vitro before ICSI. The temperature during in vitro incubation of prepared sperm and duration of it can influence the quality of the sperm (3-8). Avoiding an iatrogenic damage to the prepared sperm is an important issue. However, in most textbooks and manuals, there is no recommendation about time and temperature for sperm in vitro incubation after sperm preparation (2, 9). Bourne and Archer recommended incubation temperature of 37°C under 5% CO2 (IVF) or room atmosphere (ICSI) (10).
In vitro incubation of ejaculated spermatozoa at 37ºC has been recommended for liquefaction and widely used in ART and andrology laboratories (2). After semen processing, the spermatozoa are routinely kept at 37°C until using for IVF. It was previously demonstrated that long-term in vitro incubation at 37ºC reduced the motility, viability, and increased sperm DNA fragmentation (4-8). There are several studies about the adverse effect of incubation time on sperm parameters. It has been shown that incubation of density gradient prepared human spermatozoa at 37oC was associated with significant loss of motility in normozoospermia (6, 11). Also, it is reported that prolonged incubation of normal human semen after preparation will increase sperm DNA fragmentation (7). Although these studies confirmed the adverse effect of incubation time on sperm quality, they are not focused on incubation temperature in a short time period.
The main objective of this study was evaluation of the effect of in vitro incubation of prepared sperm at 37°C and room temperature that is routinely practiced in andrology and ART laboratories on sperm parameters and chromatin status in asthenoteratozoospermic men. The rational in selecting the patients was that most ICSI treated cases were asthenoteratozoospermic.
Methods
Patients: In this study, twenty-seven asthenoteratozoospermic samples were collected from men undergoing infertility treatment between July 2018 and March 2018. Only samples with sperm motility (Progressive+Non-progressive) below 32% and morphology below 4% were included in this study. Exclusion criteria were the men with the age more than 40 years, smoking, alcohol consumption and varicocele. The samples were obtained from patients who referred to Yazd Research and Clinical Center for Infertility. All the patients were signed the informed consent form. Author’s institute review board approved this study (Ethics code: IR.IAU.YAZD.REC.1398.018).
Study design:Semen samples were obtained by masturbation. The abstinence period of participants was between 3 and 7 days. Semen analysis was carried out according to WHO guidelines. Sperm motility was reported as the percentage of progressive, non-progressive, and immotile spermatozoa. Sperm viability was evaluated by Eosin-Nigrosin staining test. Papanicolaou staining was used for morphology assessment (2).
Semen preparation was done by density gradient centrifugation. After initial evaluation, the retrieved suspension was divided into two parts. One part was incubated at room temperature (RT), and another was incubated at 37oC. After 2 hr (2H) and 4 hr (4H), spermatozoa were evaluated regarding motility, viability, morphology, sperm protamine deficiency, chromatin, and DNA fragmentation in both groups (Figure 1).
Density gradient centrifugation (DGC): A two-layer gradient (80% and 40%) was prepared by diluting SpermGrad™ (Vitrolife Inc., Sweden). Next, 1 ml of liquefied semen sample was placed on top of the upper layer into a 15-ml conical Falcon tube (12).
The tube was centrifuged at 300-400 g for 15-30 min. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was washed twice with 5 ml of Hamsf10 supplemented with HSA (5 mg/ml) followed by centrifugation at 200 g for 5 min. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was re-suspended in a volume of 0.5 ml of Hamsf10 supplemented with HSA (5 mg/ml). Following gradient centrifugation, samples were divided into two aliquots and incubated for 2 hr and 4 hr at either 1) room temperature (23-24°C) and 2) 37°C humidified incubator.
Assessment of sperm chromatin, DNA integrity and DNA fragmentation: The air-dried smears were fixed in a solution of 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.2 M phosphate buffer, (14 ml of 10.2 M NaH2PO4 plus 36 ml of 0.2 M Na2HPO4, pH=7.2) for 30 min. Fixed smears were stained with the solution of 5% AB in 4% acetic acid (pH=3.5) for 5 min and then rinsed with distilled water (13). Stained (Abnormal) and unstained (Normal) spermatozoa were counted under a light microscopy with ×1000 magnification. The results present the percentage of stained spermatozoa.
The air-dried smears were fixed in a solution of ethanol-acetone (1:1) at 4oC for 30 min. The hydrolysis of smears was performed by HCl (0.1 molar) for 5 min. Then, TB dye solution (0.05% TB in 50% McIlvaine's citrate phosphate buffer at pH=3.5) was used for 10 min. Finally, the slides were rinsed in distilled water and dehydrated with ethanol and xylene at room temperature for 3 min (14). The stain of pale blue was considered as normal, and dark blue or violet/purple as abnormal. Abnormal spermatozoa (TB+) were reported as percentage.
Sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) assay: The SCD test was according to the SCD kit (SDFA, Idea Varzan Farad Co., Iran) protocol. Aliquots of low melting‐point agarose in microtubes are present in the kit. The Eppendorf tube was placed in a water bath at 100°C until the agarose melted completely, and then in a water bath at 37°C. Next, 50 μl of the diluted semen sample was added to each tube, and mixed gently. Then, a 50 µl of the mixture was loaded on a pre-coated slide (Provided in the kit) and covered with a coverslip and placed on a cold plate for 5 min. The coverslip was gently removed, and the slide was embedded in solution A in darkroom. Each slide was immersed in solutions B for 30 min. After washing with distilled water, the samples were dehydrated for 2 min in increasing ethanol concentration solution (70%, 90%, and 100%) for dehydration and left to dry at RT. Finally, each slide was embedded in solution C for 75 s, solution D for 3 min and solution E for 2 min. The slide was washed in distilled water and allowed to dry. The assessment was performed under the ×1000 magnification and light microscopy (15). The halo size around sperm heads was determined in comparison with the core width of spermatozoa. The small halo showed high DNA fragmentation, and the large ones showed DNA integrity. The result presents the percentage of spermatozoa with high DNA fragmentation.
Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test. The p<0.05 was considered significant. also repeated measure analysis was done to measure the changes that occur over time for groups. if test of sphericity was significant, the p-value of greenhouse-geisser was read for trend analysis. if test of sphericity was not significant, the p-value of sphericity assumed was read for trend analysis. the graphs for trend analysis were exported from spss. data were represented as box and whisker plots, whereby boxes depict the 25th and 75th percentiles with the indication of the median value, and whiskers depict the 10th and 90th percentiles. these graphs were exported from prism software and data is reported as mean±sd.<>
Results
Effect of incubation time and temperature on sperm parameters: The effect of temperature and incubation time on sperm motility is presented in figure 2. A significant increase in the progressive motility (41.77±13.31) rate and total motility (Progressive+non-progressive) rate of spermatozoa was observed after density gradient sperm preparation. The progressive motility rate decreased significantly after 2 hr incubation at RT (34.19±16.54, p=0.001) and 37ºC (36.46±13.53, p=0.01). This decrease was significant after 4 hr in both groups. The progressive motility was not different between RT and 37ºC after both 2 and 4 hr incubation.
Figure 3 shows the effect of temperature and incubation time on sperm viability. For the samples incubated at RT, viability decreased significantly after 2 hr (63.18±12.91, p<0.001 ), and 4 hr (53.88±11.68, p<0.001 ); also at 37ºC, a significant decrease occurred after both 2 hr (59.51±12.99, p<0.001 ) and 4 hr (47.11±15.47, p<0.001 ) in comparison to initial time (70.96±11.04). the viability rate was not different between rt and 37ºc after both 2 and 4 hr incubation.
The results of sperm morphology analysis in both the pre-incubated and post-incubated groups are illustrated in table 1. The proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa was not significantly different after 2 and 4 hr in both incubated temperatures (RT and 37ºC) compared with DGC prepared group.
Sperm chromatin and DNA fragmentation: Table 1 shows the data on sperm chromatin condensation, DNA structure and, packaging status. There were not statistically significant differences between different groups. DNA fragmentation in different groups is shown in figure 4. DNA fragmentation increased significantly (p<0.001 ), followed by in vitro culture of spermatozoa after 2 and 4 hr at both RT and 37ºC. There was no statistically significant difference in DNA fragmentation between RT and 37ºC after 4 hr, although this index was lower borderline values at RT after 2 hr than 37ºC (p=0.049).
Further comparison of temperature effects: Repeated measures analysis was used in this study to measure changes occurred for samples over time. Trend analysis showed all of the factors evaluated in this study were not significant between the two groups (Figure 4).
Discussion
After semen processing, the spermatozoa were routinely kept in 37°C incubator until use. There are several purposes for in vitro incubation of spermatozoa. Preservation of sperm could be used for delayed oocyte pickup, in vitro maturation of immature metaphase I oocytes, rescue ICSI in the following day, etc. However, there is no determined agreement about the condition of in vitro incubation of sperm prior to use in ART.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in sperm quality parameters after semen preparation and in vitro sperm incubation at RT and 37oC in asthenoteratospermia. There are several studies about the effect of incubation time on sperm parameters, but they are not focused on incubation temperature in a short time. Only Thijssen et al. evaluated the effect of temperature on sperm quality parameters, but their study was about the long term incubation (6).
The results of this study showed a significant loss of sperm motility, when processed sperm was incubated at RT or 37oC. This was in line with results reported by Schuffner et al. who showed incubation of density gradient prepared human spermatozoa at 37oC was associated with significant loss of motility in normozoospermic men (11). Furthermore, Thijssen et al. reported a significant decline in the motility of spermatozoa in both DG and swim-up samples after incubation at RT and 37oC after 24 hr, although RT preserves better motility (6).
It is proposed that, when spermatozoa are incubated at lower temperatures, they adopt an inactive state, which allows them to preserve their energy. Accordingly, when spermatozoa enter the female reproductive tract and face high temperatures, they would become hyperactive (16). This hypothesis possibly explains the reduction in motility of spermatozoa at 37oC compared with lower temperatures (6, 17). In the present study, decrease of motility was observed after a short incubation at both RT and 37oC, and there was no significant difference between 37oC and RT. The same results were observed about viability. The decrease in sperm viability rate may be associated with a decrease in glucose concentration and accumulation of products such as pyruvate followed by in vitro culture of sperm. Another possible explanation for viability loss is the production of ROS. The accumulation of ROS was also associated with damage to cell and organelle membrane which led to loss of viability (18).
In this study, the change in morphological characteristics has not been observed. Contrary to our result, Thijssen et al. reported that the proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa was significantly decreased after in vitro incubation in both DG and swim up samples. However, the incubation time in their study was 24 hr (6). In addition, Peer et al. reported that in vitro incubation of sperm samples for 2 hr at 37oC caused significant decrease in the morphologic integrity of the sperm nuclei compared with the initial state. However, no significant morphologic changes in sperm nuclei were observed after incubation at 21oC. They concluded that prolonged sperm incubation in assisted reproduction techniques should be performed at 21°C rather than 37°C. They used the motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME) technique for morphology evaluation (19).
Abnormalities in sperm chromatin have been extensively considered as a source of male infertility in recent years, and several chromatin specific staining methods have been introduced for male infertility diagnosis in past decades (20-24). In this context, chromatin condensation, DNA structure, and packaging status of spermatozoa were evaluated with acidic aniline blue and toluidine blue staining methods, respectively. Our result showed there were no significant increase in positive predictive value of aniline blue and toluidine blue after in vitro incubation.
Recently, the DNA fragmentation assay has been widely used in male infertility diagnosis. Our study showed in vitro incubation of DG prepared sperm at both RT and 37oC causes an increase in DNA fragmentation. Nabi et al. demonstrated higher rates of sperm DNA fragmentation following the incubation of prepared normozoospermic samples at 37°C (7). Matsuura et al. concluded DNA fragmentation increased after incubation both at room temperature (RT) and at 37oC in air, but room temperature incubation causes less DNA fragmentation after 24 hr. This study was about raw semen without preparation (17). In another article, it was reported that in long time incubation (24 hr), RT better preserves sperm quality (6). Our study showed prepared asthenoteratospermia semen sample has high DNA fragmented nuclei. DNA fragmentation index was reported higher in men with asthenoteratozoospermia in comparison to fertile ones (25, 26). Our results reveal that short in vitro incubation of these sperm cause an increase in DNA fragmentation in both groups. Although the paired t-test analysis showed that DNA fragmentation after 2 hr was moderate at RT, but further analysis including Trend analysis showed the incubation at RT does not prevent sperm damage.
Trend analysis is used when changes occur over time for different samples. Figure 5 shows the results of this analysis. These results confirmed that all parameters changed similarly over time in two different conditions including RT and 37oC. This reveals that incubation of sperm at RT in comparison to 37oC didn’t preserve sperm parameters and DNA efficiently.
Accordingly, in vitro incubation of spermatozoa cells for 2 or 4 hr at both RT and 37oC has adverse effect on sperm parameters such as motility and viability and DNA fragmentation. When using conventional IVF, ICSI, IMSI or, IVM, it is a routine practice to prepare the sperm before microinjection and keep it for 2 hr at 37oC incubator or, RT which may have an adverse effect on overall clinical outcome. In this regard, Pujol et al. recently reported that clinical pregnancy rates diminish progressively when the time between oocyte pick up and ICSI is increased. They demonstrated that each 1 hr increase in the oocyte pick up -ICSI time reduced the likelihood of biochemical pregnancy by 7.3% and of clinical pregnancy by 7.7% (27).
Conclusion
In conclusion, the results of this study show that a short in vitro incubation (2 or 4 hr) at both RT and 37oC has a detrimental effect on DNA fragmentation and sperm parameters of prepared asthenozospermic semen sample. Hence, the findings of this study recommend IVF, ICSI and IUI should be done in the soonest possible time in order to minimize the diminishing quality of the prepared sperm.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declare no conflict of interest.