JRI 

Saeed Zarei
1- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Soheila Arefi
1- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
2- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
Amir Hassan Zarnani
1- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
Afsaneh Mohammadzadeh
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
Maerefat Ghaffari
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani Corresponding Author
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran

Received: 1/1/2008 Accepted: 1/1/2008 - Publisher : Avicenna Research Institute

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Abstract

In spite of the great deal of research in assisted reproductive techniques, more than 80% of transferred embryos by IVF/ICSI methods fail to be implanted. The causes for repeated implantation failures (RIF) may be reduced endometrial receptivity or other various uterine pathologies, such as thin endometrium, altered expression of adhesive molecules or immuno-logical factors; whereas genetic abnormalities of male or female individuals, sperm defects, embryonic aneuploidy or zona hardening are other etiologies for implantation failures. Clinically, endometriosis, polycystic ovaries and hydrosalpinx may decrease implantation following embryo transfer due to dual disorders in the quality of embryos or endometrium. In this study, probable causes and methods of evaluation for RIF patients have been reviewed and the suggested methods for their treatment, including myomectomy, endometrial stimulation, immunotherapy, hysteroscopy, preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), assisted hatching, zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIFT), co-culture, blastocyst transfer, cytoplasmic transfer, tailoring stimulation proto-cols, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and salpingectomy for hydrosalpinges have been discussed.


Keywords: Repeated implantation failure, Embryo transfer, IVF/ ICSI, Hydrosalpinx


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